Varsha

REPORT WRITING ABCD ABCD, the technical symposium, held true to its tagline- The best there was, the best there is, the best there ever will be. A throng of students from various colleges flocking the campus. The able coordinators led them through registration and to the paper presentation event which kicked off the day long extravaganza. The quizzing event had numerous students attending the preliminary event but only a few reached the final. The final was a nail-biting experience with cut-throat competition and a tie break win.Being from the computer science department, the students proved their mettle in the code debugging event, which was lauded by all the participants as an out of the ordinary approach to the competition. Mobile app development and digital art gave an opportunity for non-programmers. We also had non-technical events like Dumb charades and Adzap where students channelled their inner actor. Shipwreck and JAM events attracted many. The greatest hit however was full toss, an indoor version of cricket, the surprise event of the day.The success that we saw was not without reason. So, it would only be befitting to mention the long but rewarding journey behind it. The planning started out small, with the class representatives drawing up the budgets. Soon, all the students were pitching in with the organization of Kranti. Procuring sponsorship for the event was a revelation of sorts. We learnt a hard lesson that every rupee has to be earned and nothing comes free. Despite the scoffs, refusals, doors shut on our faces, we managed to get a whooping amount of two lakhs.The event brought out a whole new creative side of the students hidden behind a facade` of technical expertise. The walls were laced with authentic Indian art like warli and madhubani paintings. The boys erected a look-alike model of the Vivekananda memorial- a fitting centrepiece. The official website of abcd was built from scratch by our in-house technocrats. The state of the art crea tion showcased our theme beautifully and enabled students to register online. The experience taught us to work as a team and we came to respect each other.We played off each other’s strengths while respecting our own shortcomings. This resulted in an efficient and organised event that went along without a hitch right up to the valedictory function. Participants filing out, the charts pulled down, furniture restored to their normal arrangement- the day was coming to an end. We were swarmed with a multitude of emotions. Relieved the event was over, euphoric the event was a success, sore to our every last bone, a little sad that life was back to normal, one thought unified us all- the day was going to be etched in our minds forever as the epitome of our college life.

Themes in My Antonia

â€Å"We sat looking off across the country, watching the sun go down. The curly grass about us was on fire now. The bark of the oaks turned red as copper. There was a shimmer of gold on the brown river. Out in the stream the sandbars glittered like glass, and the light trembled in the willow thickets as if little flames were leaping among them. The breeze sank to stillness. In the ravine a ringdove mourned plaintively, and somewhere off in the bushes an owl hooted. The girls sat listless, leaning against each other.The long fingers of the sun touched their foreheads. † (Page 159) My Antonia is one of my favorite books because of how it is so descriptive. I love the visuals that Cather adds like when she says â€Å"the bark of the oaks turned red as copper,† because you think of that rustic color and how that is what the bark looks likes because of the sunset. Cather uses similes like, â€Å"Out in the stream the sandbars glittered like glass, and the light trembled in the willow thickets as if little flames were leaping among them. You can really imagine glittering glass, mostly from experience, and how the little mirrors cast precious twinkles of light on water, and the little flames jumping around the thickets casting a brilliant light on them and going out as soon as they’ve touched them. Cather also uses a metaphor when describing the curly grass by saying that it was on fire, which is a great description of how the light from the sunset affected the grass, making it look ablaze.She uses another metaphor when describing the light from the sun, and calls it â€Å"fingers† which touched the girls’ foreheads because the rays were long and were as if they were caressing their faces like a hand might do in a loving gesture. You can just see the last bits of light the sun gives off reaching out to grasp and influence the last part of the Earth that it can before it has to disappear into the night sky.

History -wk3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

History -wk3 - Essay Example Functionalism was more interested in how the mind worked, and how it is used by an organism in order to adopt to it’s environment (Schultz and Schultz, 2004). These researchers were concerned with how the mind functioned in the real world. Psychology was interested in the functioning of the entire human being which is the reason why they tended to function under functionalism instead of structuralism. Darwin believed that natural selection meant that some organisms would survive in their environments while others would not and that this may be inherited (Schultz and Schultz, 2004). According to Weiner, this natural selection has changed in that it now means that individuals are attempting to maintain the genetic pool so that individuals do not develop those characteristics that will not promote the maintenance of the species. Although these two theories are similar, it seems that contemporary evolutionary theory gives more understanding of why some children survive and some do not whether this is in childbirth or afterwards. In other words, perhaps some defects are detected early on in a species and therefore the organism is eliminated before it has a chance to grow because it does not promote the species. I am interested in the concept of Gestalt psychology and how it has been used in counseling and therapy. I would like to begin with an understanding of what Gestalt psychology is and how it has developed over time. I would like to include an understanding of its influence for Wundts work and how it was influenced by the Zeitgeist in physics. I am fascinated by the idea that some of these theories have grown into the opportunity to use it in therapy. I will discuss some of the major contributors to Gestalt psychology including Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, Wolfgang Kohler, Kurt Lewin. I will then discuss how Frederick Perls eventually coined "Gestalt Therapy" in order to show that therapy could be

Market research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Market - Research Paper Example The theorist implied that obtaining research from the entire population would be considerably expensive and injurious to a firm’s operations (Wiid and Diggines, 2009:56). His emphases were that a proper survey and random sampling of the population would present relevant data that would adequately provide information about the population. The following script argues out on the various concepts related to market research. Sampling is a crucial process of accruing relevant data from the target population. As a researcher, sampling denotes the best approach to a study with the provision of different sampling methods for research. The methods range from probability and non-probability sampling, stratified sampling, quota and area sampling, and cluster sampling. The following are the benefits of a good sampling method. Researchers engage on marketing research to identify the factors and solutions to a business problem. This process requires an effective and efficient approach as delays may pose negative impacts to a company’s production, processing, and delivering of satisfaction to the final consumer (Czinkota and Ronkainen, 2007:38). Therefore, time is a beneficial tool in relation to the issue of marketing research, and to the establishment of viable factors for business progression and success (Wiid and Diggines, 2009:57). As a marketing researcher, the appropriate sampling method should be time effective and precise on obtaining the amount of data required. The essence is that a sample method determines the longevity of obtaining data for use in forecasting different prospects of the business. Whenever a sampling method takes a long time, businesses may fail external forces that may threaten to halt operations. For instance, the global market is competitive and a time-consuming samplin g plan may draw the attention of rival competitors. Research is a necessary tool in amassing information relevant in establishing the long range

U01d2 Cost Shifting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

U01d2 Cost Shifting - Essay Example There are a number of different treatments like the surgical, non – surgical cancer, organ transplants and other imaging like CT, MRI, PET scans and numerous other highly sophisticated tests which need to be considered and covered for. America’s health care system in the country is also structured in a manner which contributes to the rise on costs (Griffin, 2000). The concept of cost shifting is one of the major reasons that the costs have also gone up. Cost shifting simply implies at how the cost of care has shifted from one set of people to another group. The concept is such that if one group of people is unwilling to pay the bills, then the costs are redistributed to another set of people who can’t refuse to pay for the costs. One of the few reasons for the inclusion of cost shifting in the health care industry is the creation of Medicaid and Medicare. Shi and Singh explain that the cost shifting was included to offset costs when the charity received was used to make up for the difference. Feldstein explains that when there is a belief that cost shifting occurs, this could possibly be when the hospitals raise their prices to compensate for the patients that are lower charged (Morrisey, 1994). Feldstein also unveils that the costs have increased for two reasons, namely, an increase in the variable costs in terms of the wages and secondly, there are changes in the hospital payer mixes, i.e. an increase in the less price sensitive patients which allows the hospitals to increase the mark ups. This is viewed to be a profit for the hospital however this is a selfishly induced process and is controlled by the cost shifting. The knowledge that people have on the increase in the costs of the providers to make profits has led the industry to be impacted negatively and is also impacting the human charity as well. There is a clear sense of mis happenings within the industry where the rich are being given complete access to quality

Broadcast Radio Stations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Broadcast Radio Stations - Essay Example This paper will seek to provide the primary product or service of this business sector, ways of making money in this business, and explain how profitable this sector is. Additionally, the paper will also address the key corporations of this business, recent developments, and discuss the current prospects and direction of this business as well as include an overview of any other unique feature of this business. Primary service The primary product or service of broadcast radio stations today is listeners and the means of production owners. Research findings point out that, the main of broadcasting radio today is to communicate or rather air out issues to as many listeners as possible (Greb & Adams, 2003). This shows that acquiring the largest number of listeners is of paramount importance to broadcasting radios as of today (Slotten, 2009). This is because, if the number of prospective listeners of a particular broadcasting radio station is high, its demand for commercials is also high. Generally, having a huge volume of listeners dictates a radio station’s demand in the market given the fact that prospective clients opt for widely listened broadcasting radio stations (Sickles, 2008). The sector’s money generation Every business has ways in which it generates income. However, the case with radio station is a bit complex. Studies show that, most of the money obtained by broadcasting radio stations comes from advertisements (Enrique, 2008). When different companies and organizations as well as other parties come to realize that a certain broadcasting radio station has a huge following in terms of listeners, then these companies choose to advertise with that particular radio station. As such, when these companies or rather clients bring their advertisements, the radio station charges them (Sickles, 2008). Bear in mind that the common aim of these advertisements is to encourage those listening to buy the advertised product more. Apart from advertisements , radio stations also make money through announcements. These announcements could be mainly about certain messages or meetings whose aim is to reach masses. Radio stations charges these announcements with regard to the amount of the required airing time and the frequency with which to be repeated. Therefore, by charging companies for their advertisements and charging special announcements, radio stations generate money (Greb & Adams, 2003). Profitability It is understandable that this sector of telecommunication is indeed profitable. Nevertheless, many people fail to understand how broadcasting radio stations make profits. As explained, the demand for a radio station is high if it has the largest number of listeners and in this way, it gets to make its money (Ickes, 2006). Similarly, the level of profits of a radio station relies heavily on the number of listeners that it has. Observations have indicated that, radios stations with the highest number of listeners make huge profits ma inly because their demand is high (Sickles, 2008). Generally, companies and other radio station’s clients seek to make their advertisements and announcements through the most listened radio station. With that respect, radio stations that meet this requirement make huge profits, as the number of advertisements and announcements is always high (Enrique, 2008). Thus, it is agreeable that this sector of business generates very high profits but the level of these profits profoundly

Life Sketch Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Life Sketch - Essay Example I know poverty, despair and suffering and what they do to a country as a whole and to the spirit of the people living through it. I vowed never again would I know such suffering. Since the day I arrived here I have worked very hard to get to where I am now. I have built a life for myself and my family. I am a full time student at ________________University working towards my Bachelors degree in _______________.I do not want pity or sympathy when I write these words. I am telling my story because I want you to understand it is not because of public assistance or handouts that I am where I am now, it is through my own hard work and determination. I now have four beautiful children and have them to love, care for, protect and teach. One of the most important gifts I can impart on them is the belief in themselves that they can achieve whatever they are willing to work towards. I want them to see that they are only limited by the constraints they place on themselves. I want to be a living example to them of what hard work, desire and belief in one's self can accomplish. Since arriving here I have gained a good grasp of the English language. From my limited knowledge and meager beginnings, I am now fluent in both oral and written English. As I previously stated. I am enrolled in college on a full time basis.

Critique Paper - All Quiet on the Western Front Essay

Critique Paper - All Quiet on the Western Front - Essay Example Pauls’ suppression of emotions has made him into an emotional cripple who is unable to relate to his family and live a normal life outside the battlefield (Remarque). Being stuck in a shell hole with a man he stabbed forces Paul to consider the nature of war and how it makes strangers into enemies. The horrors of war take away his friends one by one and often in front of his own eyes. He is ruined by war and when he is given a short leave, he wonders how he will adjust to civilian life, Paul dies during an enemy attack and he doesn’t have to find out how his life would have been off the battlefield (Remarque). Paul is the novel’s main protagonist and his inner battle with his feelings and actions is what is intriguing about him. His personality and the way war forces Paul to behave are in stark contrast to each other. He was a sensitive young lad, full of idealism and life but war made him into a remorseless soldier who must remain emotionally numb in order to survive on the battlefield. Paul’s past and future are snatched away by war and he struggles to remember what his past was like and wonders what his future will be without war. But despite all this, he still has some humanity left in him and there are instances where he is overcome by grief. This struggle is representative of all those men who were enlisted to fight in the army at a very young age and Pauls’ story is similar to all those adolescents who lost their childhood, their friends, their family and even their lives on the battlefield. The trauma and hardship they suffer snatches away their innocence and Paul was long dead on the inside before the war actually killed him. Paul’s story revolves around the main theme of the novel which is about the horrors of war and its effect on the soldiers. War is often painted with glory and honor but this book sets out to debunk those notions and show war through the eyes of a soldier. It shows the butchery of

Theory and practices of negotiation Essay Example for Free

Theory and practices of negotiation Essay Definition When you hear the word negotiation, what comes first to mind? Negotiation is almost always an everyday transaction being dealt with by each and every one of us. Indeed, how often do you negotiate often, seldom, or never? Everything in life is negotiated, under all conditions, at all times: from asking your parents to bring you to the shopping malls to take out the morning garbage to driving in the express lane in rush-hour traffic, from determining what time to schedule an appointment with a client to deciding which tv show to watch with your family—to some extent, every facet of life is linked with one’s using of negotiation. Negotiation occurs whenever people exchange ideas with the intention of changing relationships or whenever they confer for agreement. Another definition expanding slightly the above meaning of negotiation is to note that negotiation is conducted neither to widen nor to breach the relationship, but to form a new or different configuration. In short, most of us are constantly involved in negotiations to one degree or another for a good part of any given day. Negotiation should be considered as a positive way of structuring the communication process. It is usually more than helpful in one’s work environment and in closing deals with new clients or prospects. Win-win negotiation skills are assets to a company especially if you will be in-charge of marketing new and pioneer products to the market. Effective negotiation helps you to resolve situations where what you want conflicts with what someone else wants. The aim of win-win negotiation is to find a solution that is acceptable to both parties, and leaves both parties feeling that theyve won, in some way, after the event. Preparing for a successful negotiation†¦ Depending on the scale of the disagreement, some preparation may be appropriate for conducting a successful negotiation. For small disagreements, excessive preparation can be counter-productive because it takes time that is better used elsewhere. It can also be seen as manipulative because, just as it strengthens your position, it can weaken the other person’s. However, if you need to resolve a major disagreement, and then make sure you prepare thoroughly. Using our free worksheet, think through the following points before you start negotiating: Goals: what do you want to get out of the negotiation? What do you think the other person wants? Trades: What do you and the other person have that you can trade? What do you each have that the other wants? What are you each comfortable giving away?   Alternatives: if you don’t reach agreement with the other person, what alternatives do you have? Are these good or bad? How much does it matter if you do not reach agreement? Does failure to reach an agreement cut you out of future opportunities? And what alternatives might the other person have? Relationships: what is the history of the relationship? Could or should this history impact the negotiation? Will there be any hidden issues that may influence the negotiation? How will you handle these? Expected outcomes: what outcome will people be expecting from this negotiation? What has the outcome been in the past, and what precedents have been set?   The consequences: what are the consequences for you of winning or losing this negotiation? What are the consequences for the other person? Power: who has what power in the relationship? Who controls resources? Who stands to lose the most if agreement isn’t reached? What power does the other person have to deliver what you hope for? †¢ Possible solutions: based on all of the considerations, what possible compromises might there be? Negotiating successfully†¦ The negotiation itself is a careful exploration of your position and the other person’s position, with the goal of finding a mutually acceptable compromise that gives you both as much of what you want as possible. Peoples positions are rarely as fundamentally opposed as they may initially appear the other person may have very different goals from the ones you expect! In an ideal situation, you will find that the other person wants what you are prepared to trade, and that you are prepared to give what the other person wants. If this is not the case and one person must give way, then it is fair for this person to try to negotiate some form of compensation for doing so – the scale of this compensation will often depend on the many of the factors we discussed above. Ultimately, both sides should feel comfortable with the final solution if the agreement is to be considered win-win. Only consider win-lose negotiation if you dont need to have an ongoing relationship with the other party as, having lost, they are unlikely to want to work with you again. Equally, you should expect that if they need to fulfill some part of a deal in which you have won, they may be uncooperative and legalistic about the way they do this.

Older and Wiser Essay Example for Free

Older and Wiser Essay Frank Heberer, the Human Resources Manager of Medignostics, finds it difficult to accept the aging employees of his firm as part of an energetic workforce. According to Heberer, the older employees of the company are not as productive as the young. However, Bertha Weber from the marketing department trusts that the older employees of Medignostics are necessary for the firm. She intercedes on behalf of the aging employees of the firm to point out to Heberer that it is only the older employee who truly knows the kind of products to sell other aged people. As an example, Weber mentions the successful arthritis campaign of Medignostics which was spearheaded by an aging employee – somebody who was expected to certainly know more about arthritis than the young employees. Weber also points out to Heberer that he, being only 45 years of age, cannot be expected to successfully market products for the aged people. Rather, it is only the aging employee who understands the aches and pains of old age that can successfully market health products and services for other aging people. In other words, the aging employee of a health products company, or any other organization for that matter, is best qualified to market products for the aged. Not only does the aging marketer know the kinds of products and services needed by the aged, but he also is aware of the kind of marketing communication that is required to reach out to the aged. The aging employee is actually expected to most perfectly understand the marketing mix for products that are especially made for the aged. This employee is in an excellent position to decide on the prices of products to be sold to the aged. Moreover, he knows where to place the products to sell the aged. Yet another advantage of older employees put forth by Weber is that the aging employee knows the company better than anybody else. Having worked for decades with Medignostics, an aging employee understands well the policies of the firm, in addition to its goals and requirements. After all, the aging employee has spent plenty of years trying to improve upon his productivity and efficiency in the company. So, Weber refers to the â€Å"experience† of the older employee being of special significance to the company, seeing that the older employee is in a better position to take the company forward with his experiences of success and failure at Medignostics. To put it another way, the aging employee knows what works and what does not work at his firm. The young employee, on the other hand, would take his time to realize the basics of the company before he can even think of taking the company forward with his youthful energy that Heberer would like to fill the company with in place of the old employees. Weber believes that the older employees still have a lot to offer Medignostics. The 58-year-old Hausmann who has worked for the firm for 20 years has been seen to consistently improve his performance. He moved up in organizational rank from bookkeeping to account management. Weber would like Heberer to keep Hausmann employed, the reason being that Hausmann and other aging employees continue to have a lot to offer Medignostics. If Hausmann is not productive in his present function at the company, perhaps Weber would suggest that the older employee must be given a new job function to perform. After all, older employees may not only be extremely useful in marketing to all ages – seeing as they have lived through them all – but also in the area of organizational counseling. The wisdom of the older employees may benefit young employees tremendously. Older employees may also be given the chance to select their new job functions where they would be most productive, given that the organization trusts them more than it would trust its new employees. Hence, Weber would like Heberer to trust the fact that the older employee is truly wiser.

The Impact Of Innovation

The Impact Of Innovation In this assignment, the importance of innovation and the impact that it has in successful companies will be discussed. Theories and examples of innovation will be shown as well as relevant information about apples history and detailed product information. Also it will be debated the importance that Innovation have had in Apple company. A SWOT analysis of Apple will be presented as additional information. Topics as Leadership and Change management are included due to its high relationship with the performance of a company and its direction in a long term, in this case is Apple the chosen company. Literature review 1. INTRODUCTION Throughout history the concept of innovation has been debated. Since the time of classical economists this issue has been present, even in the current age. Also important authors have highlighted innovation as essential for the socio-economic that is why it is relevant to study this phenomenon. Innovation is one of the key factors for companies that want to compete in an increasingly international and global market. But to qualify for that capacity, companies must invest in knowledge, structure, research and a good strategy to enable them to decide, from the beginning, who they want to become. There are many definitions about the term innovation and numerous theoretical contributions around this phenomenon. The term innovate comes from the Latin etymology innovare that mean change or alter things by introducing new features (Medina Salgado Espindola and Espinosa 1994). Innovation is the production, assimilation and successful exploitation of novelty in the economic and social environment 1.2 DEFINITIONS OF INNOVATION Innovation is the process of integrating existing technology and inventions to create or improve a product, a process or a system. Innovation in an economic sense is the consolidation of a new product, process or system improvement (Freeman, C., 1982) Innovation is the specific tool of entrepreneurs (Peter Drucker 1985) The act that endows resources with a new capacity to create wealth (Peter Drucker 1985). Innovation distinguishes between a leader and a follower (Steve Jobs 2005) Joseph Schumpeter defined innovation in a general sense, took into account different cases of change to be considered as a innovation. These are: the market introduction of a new good or new class of goods, the use of a new source of raw materials (both product innovation), the incorporation of a new production method not experienced in a particular sector or a new way of dealing commercially a new product (process innovation), or market innovation which is the establishment of a new market structure (Joseph Schumpeter 1935) 2. TYPES OF INNOVATION There are three main types of innovation Product Innovation It is the market introduction of a new technology product (whose technological characteristics differ significantly from previous products) or significantly improved (previously existing whose performance has been improved or greatly improved) Process Innovation Is the adoption of new production methods or significantly improved. Can be use to produce or deliver technologically new or improved products, which cannot be produced or delivered using conventional methods of production, also it could increase primarily the efficiency of production. Organizational Innovation It is the introduction of changes in the forms of management of the establishment. There are new changes in the organization and management process, incorporating new organizational structures 2.1 INNOVATION MODELS There are several innovation models, which 4 of them are common and relevant Linear model The linear model of innovation is an interpretation of the act of innovation, outdated but is still applied in many cases. This model is a way of theorizing the logical sequence of the process that results in innovation. Sequence is too rigid to describe a process that depends not only on science / technology or market to initialize the generation of innovations. The strict separation between invention, innovation and marketing does not accurately represent the dynamics of innovation today. The linear model is a first generation model, and only takes into account the thrust of science / technology or market pull (concepts 50-60-70 years) as a means to begin the process of innovation Open model Open model Innovation is a new innovation strategy in which companies get innovation that comes from outside the companys internal boundaries. This term was coined by Henry Chesbrough, who in his book Open Innovation, proposes to open the creative processes of innovation, in order to get innovative ideas from any source, whether internal or external to the company, and not only from the areas dedicated to the business activity Open Innovation means combining internal knowledge with external professional cooperation. Thus, research centers as well as universities, experts and other companies offer solutions to companies of what is known as collective intelligence. This will break new ground, contacts, opportunities, where innovative ideas flow freely from any source Teece model Teece proposes a model that takes into account two factors that are important to profit from innovation: ease of imitation (imitability) and complementary assets. The imitability can come of intellectual property, protection of technology or the fact that imitators have no powers to mimic the technology. Complementary assets are beyond the capabilities-technology that the firm needs to exploit (manufacturing, marketing, redistribution channels, service, reputation, brand and complementary technologies) Blue ocean- The author focuses on the need to put aside destructive competition between companies if you want to be a winner in the future, expanding the horizons of the market and create value through innovation. the author differentiates two most common competitive situations in any industry: blue oceans and red oceans. Red oceans represent all the industries that exist today, while blues symbolize business ideas currently unknown. In red oceans industries limits are well defined and are accepted as they are. The more competitors there are, the benefits and growth opportunities diminish, products are standardized to the maximum and competition becomes bloody. By contrast blue oceans are characterized by the creation of markets in areas that are not currently exploited, and that create opportunities for sustained profitable growth and long-term 3. INNOVATIVE COMPANIES This are some examples of successful companies Huawei The Chinese company based in Shenzhen has reached the second position as a provider of telecommunications equipment, ahead of Alcatel Lucent and Nokia. He recently defeated by Nokia Siemens and Ericsson 4G system contract in Norway. This year has reached its global market share to 20%. Apple Apple company has won the award in the categories of gadgets and music. In less than two years, their App Store and sells more than 140,000 applications, and users have downloaded 3 billion to them. He has also continued to develop its iTunes music unit with organic growth and acquisitions as Lala. He has also been able to control an increasingly fiercer distribution channels Google Google has come out victorious in the mobile category (with a 86% share of searches) and video (where YouTube is the top server). Google has been a exelent company to launch new products, as Smartphone Nexus One, Android, operates the largest digital library market . First Solar For years, the race of the global photovoltaic industry has been to minimize the cost of energy production in order to compete with other energy sources. First Solar was the first company to lower the barrier to a dollar per watt, and by the end of 2009 was $ 0.85 Novartis The Swiss drug maker is a constant generator of ideas, after focusing its R D in rare diseases and vaccine development. The Food and Drug Administration has approved no less than nine new drugs last year. refeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee environmental effect it can be define the organizational environment as all the elements that significantly influence the daily operations of the company, dividing them into two: micro environment and macro environment. Microenvironment This consists in real people and organizations with whom they interact with the company. Among the main ones include: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Customers: constituted by groups of persons or institutions who buy the goods and use the services of the organization. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Providers: Providers are company specific, both information and funding, as the raw material that the company needs to operate. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Competition: specific companies that offer goods and services identical or similar to the same groups of customers or clients. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ regulators: who are the agencies and government representatives at the local, state and national laws that punish and regulations affecting business operations within a given country. macroenvironment: understand the social forces that affect the whole microenvironment and includes demographic forces, economic, natural, technological, political, cultural and competitive. Competitive environment, every company must take into account its size and position in the industry with respect to its competitors. To survive, a company must meet the needs and desires of consumers better than does the competition. Economic environment: involves factors affecting purchasing power and spending patterns of consumers. Purchasing power depends on income, prices, savings and credit of the moment Technological environment: the most dramatic force that shapes our destiny is technology. Political environment: consists of laws, government agencies and pressure groups that influence and limit the activities of various organizations and individuals in society. Cultural Environment: includes institutions and other forces affecting the valuesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹, perceptions, preferences and behaviors of society LIDERSHIP Leadership has been defined as the activity of influencing people to strive willingly for the achievement of the objectives of the group. By group we mean a small group, a sector of the organization, an organization. What matters is the organizational leadership in the field. From this definition arise two key areas of leadership: 1) The intellectual process of thinking about the objectives of the organization. 2) The human factor, that is, influence people to voluntarily strive to achieve the objectives. John P. Kotter, in his book The Leadership Factor (1988), says that leadership is characterized by the following: 1) Develop a vision of what should be the organization and generate the necessary strategies to implement the vision. 2) Achieve a network cooperative human resources, which involves a group of highly motivated and committed to make the vision a reality. The definition of leadership cited at the beginning contains a key word voluntarily, which could also be translated as willingly. Not just about influencing people to do but to voluntarily strive to corresponding targets. Approaches These approaches are based on the study of behavior rather than on the depth of personality traits of substantival theories. The most important contributions in this regard have been those of: Theory X and Y Mc Gregor Theory X leads to an autocratic leader performance, and the Y theorie leads to a participatory performance. But being a one-dimensional approach that works with a single variable, the use of authority by the person who leads, is not accourate enough to explain its complexity as is leadership Likert management systems Formulated a model with intermediate degrees between X and Y. To Likert best to lead a team corresponds to a participatory behaviour Likert found that management under the participatory system were most effective and in which showed the best motivation. He built a very comprehensive questionnaire on organizational characteristics, that tests 18 variables classified in the categories Leadership, Motivation, Communication, and others. Its main limitation is that it is only useful in cases where it is intended to improve the lead making it more participatory. In this sense it is more applicable to small groups and instructed personnel. The Managerial Grid of Blake and Mouton This marriage of researchers was able to define a model based on the intersection of two variables: the concern for people and concern for production. While five main positions are standardized, the grid gives possibilities to eighty-one intersection between the two variables. The main contribution is to show that both variables are called mutually. It would be hard to imagine good long-term gains without a committed and motivated personnel. Without doubt, the greatest value of this approach is that it breaks the paradigm dimensional. However, the main criticism he has received is that indicate a unique driving style as best for all circumstances. CHANGE MANAGEMENT It is a process by which organizations move from the present state to a future state,changing in order to increase their effectiveness. A Process to achieve better efficiency, in which an organization achieves its objectives. organizational efficiency is amount of resources the organization has ,to be used to produce a number of products. Levels change When focused on the organization as a whole, we see that this can be divided into four levels at the time of analyzing the changes: Strategic level: proposing a change in the overall objectives of the organization, both in terms of its essential orientation of vision and their reason for their mission. Structural level: proposes a change in the organizational structures, it involves changing authority relations, the coordination mechanisms, redesigning jobs, or similar structural variables Technical level: technology change encompasses changes in how work is processed and the methods and equipment used. Human level: people change refers to changes in attitudes, skills, expectations, perceptions and behavior of employees, including, in turn, according to Daft and Steers (1992) four types of changes: patterns of interaction, skills in human relations and in the basic attitudes, values à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹and motivations of individuals. Thereby changing the behavior of individuals and groups requires the transformation of one or more of the aforementioned levels (Quoted in Romeo, 1999). Models of organizational change Many models are used to carry out or try to explain, in an effective way, the process of change, example is the model of Lewin. Lewin (1951) develops a dynamic theory, which explains that the the behavior is a function of the individuals interaction with his social environment, essentially based on the different groups to which the person belongs. it should focus not only on the individual in isolation, but in this within their social environment, taking as unit change the social group to which the individual belongs. The status quo of the organization, to Lewin (1951) is a state of dynamic equilibrium between forces that tend to help the organization and forces that tend to counteract or prevent wrong decitions, and to effect a change is necessary to break that dynamic balance between these forces. unfreezing is the name given to this initial process where old ideas or practices are suppressed by new ones and can be induced by increasing the driving forces of change growing perception of benefits associated with this, by reducing the resistance or obstacles to change, or combination of both. Following the Change in which new ideas practices. then comes refreezing ,requiring the integration of new insights into the structure of the organizational system . The refreezing state marks the return of the organization to a dynamic balance of forces that support or restrict any intervention. Critical analysis 4. INTRO Few companies can be described as revolutionary and successful, changing markets and consumer behaviours, apple is one of them, a remarkable company that over time has created an identity and an image that impacted in their followers. The technological direction of the company began to build in 1971 when they met Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs. The former is responsible for creating the first Apple computer, while the latter promoted among the major supporters of computing and digital electronics shops. Apple has begun a career that has had its ups and downs due to different administration, Steve Jobs being the most successful, turning the company into one of the largest in history But what does make it a success? Innovation, the key of success, which leads to a competitive advantage. From the beginning of Apples history in 1976, Steve Jobs, the soul of the company, had a different view of its competitors, looking distinguished among its rivals, seeking exclusivity and novelty, as jobs mention, I want to bring an easy to use computer to the market. From here we can analyze that jobs from the start thinking like a consumer, which would win the loyalty of its customers. With the launch of Apple II the computer revolution began, having as the main rival IBM. But what type of innovation strategy do they have at that time? Clearly the development of their products were made by them within their company, all the ideas were in apple, As mentioned in the textbook Apple practised to horizontal and vertical integration relied on its own property design A classic type of linear model innovation, as mentioned in the literature review. Basic research Applied research Development Commercialization The challenges started when IBM developed a faster processor and the use of an open operative system(ms dos) Limitating the sofwares that apple had developed,as well as the slow processor speed, and falling 62% of apple net income between 1982 and 1983 leading to a crisis in the company and the dismissal of Steve Jobs. With the entry of Sculley as CEO, apple tried to gain space in a new market, education, which were driven by its high technology softwares, they recover their market share and stabilized at 8% as (referred in the case study) As the philosophy of Jobs to make things simple, Sculley introduce plug and play peripherals which allow overpricing their products. 4.1 THE STRATEGY At this stage the revenues came from exclusivity rather than cheap products and apple still producing their own monitors, chips and disk drivers, keeping the classic innovation model. But now apple forge and alliance with their main rival, IBM ,creating 2 joint ventures in order to produce new operating systems and multimedia applications, Sculley was replaced in June 1993 by Michael splinder. It was a good decision to change the management? With the new management, changes were inevitable, apple started licence many companies to make Mac clones, trying to reduce costs, which was a poor decision made by splinder, apple lost 69 billion dollars in 1996 After 12 years Steve Jobs returned and became the interim CEO of apple 4.2 NEW BEGINING, NEW IDEAS, INNOVATION With the return of Steve Jobs, Apple returned to the path of innovation. Not only in technology but also in the strategy and business model. For example: Opening its own stores to broaden the scope of the external distribution channel. For the first time apple open and online store to set up direct sales They invest more money on Research and Development Decrease its inventory In 1998 apple gained real profit from their all in one computer, iMac, that could support Microsofts peripherals for the first time. With jobs in command, the company started to reshape quickly. Those were signs that the course was on track, Apple posted a profit of 309 million Dollars 4.3 NEW STRATEGY-BLUE OCEAN The real revolution of apple came with uncontested line of products, the reinvention of portable music devices, the telephone and the tablet. Apple had an outstanding strategy, the digital hub strategy, Mac became the preferred hub to control, integrate and add value to these devices. All started with the iPod As the theory of Blue Ocean, in order to create a new market and escape from the battling Red Ocean a company have to be innovative, different. Apple launched a new concept of music device, the iPod Blue ocean strategy quick analysis (BASED ON IPOD DEVICE) 1. Increase: the music storage can store up to 1000 songs 2. Reduce: energy consumption, up to 10 hours battery 3. Create: ultra portable high performance device, iTunes 4. Eliminate: old concept of music device. Through this commitment to innovation on all fronts in which focused, Apple managed to gain success as 60% of the digital music market. With the iPod, Apple has done what he does best: offer a product Innovative, bringing together high technology, attractive design and a simple interface use. And with its iTunes online store, Jobs offered an innovative business model. iPhone A new revolution of the company would begin with the launch of the iPhone in 2007, a multimedia smart phone with Internet access, touch screen and a minimal hardware interface. His success was such that it would be awarded the Invention of the Year by Time magazine in 2009, Apogee has maintained that through the sale of new issues as the iPhone 3G, iPhone 3GS and iPhone 4 iPad With a revolutionary concept between smartphone and a laptop (which would later be called tablet), the company lashes out in early 2010 to introduce its new device called iPad. Its multitouch capabilities, wide screen, its innovative design and powerful hardware allowed him to position itself as the most popular product of the year. However not all inventions made à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹by apple where sucesful, not always an Innovative product will be succesful, for instance the Mac Mini and the Apple TV were a failure, But why? Because they havent figured out the right way to create a compelling TV product Most of their best selling products are based on an apple operative system, and a TV box does not need that. Microenvironment FACTORS-SWOT ANALYSIS Strengths: Apple is one of the marks of technological innovation in the worlds largest entertainment. It has a large number of fans who admire the quality of their products. Such loyalty guarantees the permanence of its customers and generates the attraction of new consumers. In turn, Apple products are easy to handle and excellent quality. Weaknesses: Apple has been criticized for antenna problems on its latest iPhone. Moreover, its admission policies iTunes Store applications and user freedom are very restrictive. The costs of their products are usually a little higher. Opportunities: The mobile market is expanding and Apple can leverage its established position in digital distribution. In the course of time, Apple has made a huge acepatacià ³n the AppStore (billion download until this year) developed by various groups of programmers in the world. Furthermore, due to its success, Apple is an interesting market for investment, which has benefited the company in times of crisis. Threats: There is increasing competition in the technology market. Market companies are quick to market with products like the iPhone or iPad. To remain in place, Apple should invest more in research and technological development. Economic crisis. ChNGE Recall that after having problems with the top management of the company he founded, Jobs was fired from Apple Computer in 1985, later founding the company NeXT, which was reabsorbed by the very Apple Computer in 1997, where Jobs is president ( CEO) since. 1. Changes in the board of the company that meant a renewed confidence in the company and markedly increased the stock price of the company. 2. The re-purchase of the licenses the use of PowerPC 750 (G3) of all companies that could make Mac clones (yes, there was a time that I had), so the company re-take control of the hardware in running your operating system. Start of organizational change Create a culture Reduce by 50% to 10% Research Development, and removed the unnecessary worker Launches first product of the new era Jobs. The IMAC computer without a tower, and of different colors, with cd, and no floppy. Jobs realizes the market opportunity that I had in music. After the success of Napster. AND ITUNES product launches, to the IMAC. And you create a culture, a style the best philosophy that a company can have. The music. Sony created the personal music player but did not use the MP3 market 3. The announcement of the Power Mac G3 in November 1997 (new flag) These changes Apple made were to have a profitable quarter ($ 47 million). But after more decisions were taken that catapulted the company to a winning streak that continues to this day: 1. Drastically reduced hardware production line of the company. 2. Because of this reduction is greatly simplified product offering Apple aside rare model names (most identified by numbers) and variations that just confused the current and future customers. 3. The announcement of the iMac and PowerBook G3 in May 1998. Thus Apples offer was reduced to three elements: * Advanced Desktops: PowerMac G3. * Equipment for home desktop: iMac. * Portable: PowerBook G3. 4. Completing hardware divisions that reported earnings as Newton, production printers and accessories. Significantly simplifying the internal structure of Apple. 5. It starts selling the iMac on August 15, 1998 and became the fastest computer sold in history. Apple went from a quarterly loss of $ 740 million in June 1997 to gains above the $ 100 million per quarter in July 1998. In 2009, Apple reported profits over 8 billion dollars per quarter Leadership When analyzing the personality of Steve Jobs, co-founder of Apple, there are many features that spring to mind to describe this technological genius who profoundly influenced a new generation with products like the iPod, iPad and iTunes. Some, stand for the rest of the business in its category. For example, a person was extremely perfectionist with each of the products created, intuitive to realize that products would have positive results and which are not, studious because researching every detail of your market and competition, and charismatic, because enthused employees to perform their work in a better way. While these qualities we find in some other successful entrepreneurs in their areas, the fact is that there is one that is shared by all innovative leaders: curiosity. Thats because the primary secret of success of Steve Jobs lay in his curiosity, according to Forbes, for example, curiosity led him to study calligraphy, which could create fonts that Apple made known to its original design. Even the same curiosity led him to travel to India to study Eastern mysticism and Zen Buddhism, to seek simplicity of design. And it was precisely this feature which became known as Apple technology company worldwide. This shows that the top executives are not always the most skilled, but are those who exploit the curiosity the most, as their ideas generate creative and successful business. In fact, one of the most famous phrases of Steve Jobs is when you innovate, you run the risk of wrong. Admit and innovates again. This reflects the spirit of entrepreneurship and creativity. Jobs was ahead of his time and embodied everything we thought it would be impossible to do. So do not doubt your ideas or your impulses. If your curiosity leads to new business plan, try. Maybe you can turn those ideas into big business to take you to achieve success in your caption and recognition among your competitors 6. CONCLUSION With the case study over, it has been learned the importance of innovation and the impact that it has in companies around the world, such is apple and its successful history. Also it is important to point out the influence of the strategic planning in order to gain competitive advantage among competitors it has been shown the importance of good management in critical situation and how it can affect the overall direction of a company. the blue ocean strategy has provided relevant information for the understanding of creating opportunities in new markets, for instance in the case of apple, the innovative idea of Steve jobs in the creation of the iPod, iPhone and iPad in the technological market made apple an outstanding successful company in the 21st century despite the fact of the global recession For the purposes of further research this assignment is for free use DANIEL LIZARRAGA References Medina Salgado Espindola and Espinosa 1994 Freeman, C., 1982 the economics of industrial innovation pg 56 Peter Drucker 1985 Innovation and Entrepreneurship pg 28-pg29 Steve Jobs 2005 Stanford university speech Henry Chesbrough Open Services Innovation: Rethinking Your Business to Grow and Compete in a New Era pg 66 Telegraph 2011

Types of Child Abuse :: Violence Against Children

Child abuse can cause horrible physical and emotional effects on a child. Often times these emotional effects will stay with them forever. There are several types of child abuse including physical, emotional, sexual, and general abuse. Detecting and reporting child abuse is one of the most important steps in saving an innocent child’s life. Child abuse is a growing a problem in the United States. Child abuse can go undetected for many years. By knowing the different types of abuse or how to detect abuse, you can save a life. Physical Abuse What are the different types of child abuse? The most well known type of abuse is physical abuse. This is because it is the most obvious. Physical abuse is purposeful abuse inflicted on a child. Examples include bruises or welts shaped like an object, bruises in unusual places (back, eyes, mouth, buttocks, genital areas, thighs, and calves), layers of different colored bruises in the same general area. "Sock" or "glove" burns on feet or hands or doughnut shaped burns on buttocks (from forcing the child into hot water). Small round burns from cigarettes, burns in the shape of an object (iron, fireplace tool, or heater), and rope burns on ankles, wrists, or torso, adult sized bite marks, or suspicious fractures. Most of the parents who cause physical harm to their children say they are doing it to discipline their child. Some effects of physical child abuse include stomachaches, migraines, gut problems or other physical symptoms not directly caused by the abuse. These are called psych osomatic indicators. Abused kids often feel exhausted, starving, or sick most of the time (Kienlen). Physical abuse is more than just the obvious physical damage, it also takes a toll on the child emotional and psychologically. It can cause depression, rage, and feelings of isolation in a child. About 80% of depressed teenagers do not get help. They are more likely to suffer depression in their early 20s, and abuse drugs and alcohol (American Psychiatric Association). Anger not expressed appropriately can be vented out in other ways, or can stay bottled up inside them and cause depression. One possible effect of physical child abuse is passive aggressive behavior. Meaning the abused child goes out of their way to get back at that person such as burning the pizza or not putting the right amount of cream in the coffee.

A Rose for Emily Essay -- essays papers

A Rose for Emily Emily is a woman that has had a hard life. Her family made it so that she was held in high regard in the public eye. She was not suppose to encounter relationships that were below her stature. The town, being the antagonist, drives Emily to her insanity because they will not allow her to lead a normal life. They liked the â€Å"show† they were watching a refused to give it up. The narrator explores how Emily is defined in her position in the town by her name and her father. â€Å"People in our town, [. . .], believed the Griersons held themselves a little too high for what they really were.† (pg.83) Emily’s father had been controlling during her early life and had stopped all suitors from visiting her. â€Å" we had all remembered all the young men her father had driven away, [. . . ]† Emily is forced to live in a house were her father will is paramount to her own. When he dies we understand this lose is almost to much for her to bear. â€Å" Miss Emily met them at the door, dressed as usual with no trace of grief on her face. She told them her father was not...

Hearts Essay

This case is about a company named Hearts ‘R Us. This company provides research and development for medical devices. According to the information provided the company is in its early stage and has no products in the market. They have developed a Heart Valve System that would be revolutionary in the market if is approved. Also there’s another company called Bionic Body that is a biological medical device company, they have another product that would work well with this new Heart Valve System. Therefore both companies decided to fuse by agreement. The agreement is as follows: $3.5 million preferred stock shares of Series A from Heart Company are sold to Bionics with a par value of $1 each. This transaction was completed on November 30, 2011, according to the information provided. This transaction gave Bionic specific rights: 1. Board Rights, 2. Mandatory Conversion right, 3. Contingent Redemption Rights. Additional Protective Rights, 5. Right of first refusal and Co-Sale Rights. The $3.5 millions of shares would be convertible in common stock according to the agreement when the IPO reaches net proceeds of at least $50 millions. It is stated that if on year five of the agreement the FDA has not yet approve the product to be in the market; the shares could be redeemed at its par value. Hearts R Us is a company that reports on a year basis and it’s planning to make an IPO soon. There are a couple of issues surrounding this case. First is an early-stage company that doesn’t have the financial stability and this might create trouble for further transactions. The only product that might be coming to the market still depends on a series of trials and the approval of the FDA. Since the company is just starting; all of its accounting transactions have being recorded to comply with the covenants of its outstanding debt. Furthermore they are not required to comply with SEC and are currently not doing so. Also theirs an issue of how to be done to register the Series A shares that have being sold to Bionic. Preferred Stock: A security that has preferential rights compared to common stock. †¢Participation Rights: contractual rights of security holders to receive dividends or returns from the security issuer’s profits, cash flows, or returns on investment. FASB has some guide lines of how companies should report or disclose information of their securities. 1.FASB: addresses disclosure of information about capital arrangement is in the FASB Codification 505-10-50-3. 2.Participation Right is contractual right of security holders to receive dividends or returns from security issuer’s profits, cash flows or returns on investments. †¢FASB Codification 505. An entity shall explain, in summary form within its financial statements, the pertinent rights and privileges of the various securities outstanding. Examples of information that shall be disclosed are dividend and liquidation preferences, participation right, call prices and dates, conversion or exercise prices or rates and pertinent dates, sinking-fund requirements, unusual voting rights, and significant terms of contracts to issue additional shares. An entity shall disclose within its financial statements the number of shares issued upon conversion, exercise, or satisfaction of required conditions during at least the most recent annual fiscal period and any subsequent interim period presented.

Institutions and Securities Essay

Hiring the precise applicant is always a challenge. After you have examination the resumes and applications and done the entire preface base, you narrow your hunt and choose who will be interviewed for a particular position. A review of the literature from the past ten years shows a fairly consistent pattern of concerns and issues about staffing. Articles on staff evaluation, staff participation in planning, and staffing patterns frequently occur, however, the vast majority of such articles focus on larger urban libraries. In articles devoted to rural library staff, most writers point to concerns and problems which can be traced almost always to staff education. Marketing, services to special populations, technology, and recruitment all can be crystallized under the heading of â€Å"educational needs. † How to effectively incorporate the time of volunteers, day care for staff children, and benefits package selection have all been discussed, but education, sometimes referred to as training, is the single most common thread which may be found in the literature treating rural library staffing. Your business depends on people. People make your goods and serve your most important asset: clients. To grow, your industry needs a constant base of people. But hiring the exact people is risky—and tough! You need a partner who can employ, screen and hire for you. For the first part of creating the good talented and performance staff team every company need to choose and developed human strategy. HRProfessional Magazine presents its â€Å"Multi-Level HRM Strategy Key to Flexible Staffing Success† (October/November 2001) by Mary Ann Lesperance, CHRP. The article deals with the main HR principles such as â€Å"flexible firm†. The â€Å"flexible firm† model suggests that we can design our workforces to proactively meet our business needs through flexible staffing arrangements. – state article. The meaning and the main goal of benchmarking we could recognize from thesis â€Å"Seven Steps to Effective Competitor Benchmarking† written by Arik R. Johnson is Managing Director of the Competitive Intelligence (CI) support bureau and consultancy Aurora WDC. â€Å"When it comes to Competitive Intelligence, there are a few simple tools that can provide for sophisticated comparisons of business functions between organizations that can help firms â€Å"benchmark† the constituent processes of the company with direct or indirect competitors, allowing a company to gain the upper hand in a marketplace. But, what is the process for setting the metrics, methodologies, milestones and comparisons which might be used to measure the success of a CI/benchmarking function, or the success of a Strategic Planning department as a whole? † Dina Berta in her article â€Å"Mark Clark: a newcomer to Highlands Ranch, Colo. , but an old hand at sales and staffing success – Red Robin Gourmet Burgers† told about Celia Morden. She has been a server at the Red Robin Gourmet Burgers in Highlands Ranch, Colo. , for only six months, but the restaurant, she says, is vastly different from any other restaurant she has worked at in the past 12 years. The focus is not on what employees do wrong but on what they do right, she says, giving general manager Mark Clark the credit for the way the restaurant is run. â€Å"This is the best management staff I’ve ever worked for; they really care about you,† says Morden, while clearing a table during a recent lunch rush. â€Å"Mark surrounds himself with good people. † When everyone else was hiring more recruiters to deal with staffing shortages, we went in a totally different direction. Who within your organization is responsible for recruitment? The goal is to have a resounding response of â€Å"Everyone! † It is not uncommon to hear the statement: â€Å"We wouldn’t have this staffing problem if only Human Resources would advertise more, etc† While HR is accountable for setting up systems to maximize recruitment, the missed opportunities of an organization relies on the HR department maintaining its staffing for all the organization’s employees– said Nicole Morin-Scribner in her paper â€Å"Staffing! The HR business partner model alternative. Maine in Focus – human resources† HR can run the biggest ad, but most healthcare workers typically pay the most attention to what employees from that organization say about what its like to work there. Study after study demonstrates that business success is dependent on the organization’s people. HR has an ideal opportunity to apply its expertise to help its organization succeed. Proper staffing has, is and will continue to be a major concern for managers around the country. Pundits predict that the problem will continue for at least the next decade and maybe beyond if we don’t do something in the present. You can hardly pick up a newspaper or trade magazine without finding at least one article on staffing. Worked Cite: 1. HAIL, L. AND LEUZ, C. â€Å"International Differences in Cost of Capital: Do Legal Institutions and Securities Regulation Matter? † Working Paper (September 2003): 1-27. 2. HAMADA, R. S. â€Å"The Effect of the Firm’s Capital Structure on the Systematic Risk of Common Stocks. † The Journal of Finance (May 1972): 435-58. 3. HILTON, RONALD W. ; MICHAEL W. MAHER; AND FRANK H. SELTO. Cost Management Strategies for Business Decisions. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. , 2003. 4. PricewaterhouseCoopers â€Å"Financial Management Benchmarking Program Best Practice Findings† 5. Delery, J. E. , and Doty, D. H. (1996) ‘Modes of theorizing in strategic human resource management: Tests of universalistic, contingency, and configurational performance predictions’. Academy of Management Journal 39/4: 802-835.

Assignments and Lab Reports Essay

Assessment By now you should have a good understanding of the scientific method and its importance in contributing to scientific knowledge. Grab your lab coat and get ready to design your own experiment. In this assignment, you will be doing two things: Evaluate an experiment. Designing your own experiment using the scientific method. Part I: Evaluate An Experiment Review each scenario below and choose ONE to complete for part I of your assignment. Read the scenario, and answer the questions using concepts learned in the lesson. Be sure to respond to each question in complete sentences and with supporting detail. Choose only ONE of the four scenarios below. Part I is worth 10 points. Scenarios (only select one): Scenario 1: Scenario 2: Scenario 3: Scenario 4: Part II: Designing an Experiment For the second part of your assignment, you get to apply the scientific method to a real life situation. Just as you saw within the lesson, the steps of the scientific method can be used to address the problem of finding the best directions to the movie theater, figuring out how to get grass to grow in your lawn, determining what color light helps plants grow fastest,  or answering a variety of other questions. Think about a scenario or problem that could occur in your life in which you can apply the scientific method to answer the question or solve the problem. Explain how you would follow each step of the scientific method and design an experiment. Please note that you are only describing what you would do at each step, you will not actually conduct the experiment. Part II is worth 20 points. Please be sure to write in complete sentences and use the â€Å"steps you need to include† and the rubric below to ensure you include sufficient detail.

Managing Team Conflict

Potential sources of conflict for the team include team member’s schedules, member disagreement, lack of consideration of deadlines, lack of input, and ineffective communication. One issue to contribute to conflict is the lack of input of all team members and the failure for team members to show up and meet at the designated time agreed upon by all team members.   Since there are different knowledge and skill set levels of all the members of the team, there can be areas where these levels overlap. In addition, there can also be areas where the team is missing necessary strengths to fully assist the team in its goals.Without effective communication, team members cannot fully express skills each person currently possesses, and areas of knowledge where assistance is needed.   Communication barriers pose potential problems as well. One communication barrier that exists is failure for group members to utilize active listening. According to Hamilton (2001), â€Å"Many times whe n we are discussing a problem with others, we listen selfishly. In other words, we listen to gather ammunition for our rebuttals and to determine when we an insert our viewpoints into our conversation. Active listening requires us to listen from the speaker’s viewpoint† (312). With this in mind, it is important for all team members to utilize active listening and be open to new ideas and thinking. It is through learning from other team members that a team can increase strengths and gain additional knowledge to assist the team in its goals.One way to assist with communication is having a leader of the team. The role of the leader is essential because it helps the team maintain organization and structure. Having a leader can assist the team when decision making must be performed. In the decision making process, three leadership styles used are autocratic, democratic and laissez-fairre. Each of these leadership styles can be used by any individual within the team. Ultimate ly, the goal of the team should be to use the democratic leadership style. The democratic leadership style is the preferred method of decision making because, â€Å"two-way communication exists between leaders and followers,† (Hamilton, 319). It is this two-way communication that will assist all team members in having a say about the decision and making the decision that will best benefit all team members.Failure to utilize effective communication can lead to conflict within the group. One conflict already experienced within the group is lack of input and failure for all members to show up for designated meetings. This creates a problem since all input is needed to make effective decisions within the group. It becomes a problem for completing assignments without all input from team members and creates tension within the team since less members are available to perform all the work needed to complete the assignment. Those members who are actively working on the assignments are doing work for those members who fail to give input or report as a team.One source of conflict that is beneficial to the team is that conflict surrounding differences of opinions. Since each individual is unique and brings knowledge with him or her, having challenging opinions and views will ultimately assist the team in its knowledge and long term goals. 2. How will the team deal with a team member who will not cooperate with the team goals and objectives – for instance, the team member who is personally offensive; or, the team member who is a social loafer?Having a leader who will be in charge of the team is a way to limit the issues that arise in the team. In addition, ground rules must be established when the team is formed to minimize the risk of issues among the team. If a team member is consistently disrupting the team and not assisting the team in its goals, then action needs to be taken. If the leader of the team is unable to resolve the issue with the team member, then additional intervention may need to occur.3. Reflect once more on the experiences you’ve had within your current learning team. Describe a time when the members of your team have managed conflict by: a. Avoidance b. Competition c. Accommodation d. Collaboration e. Compromise Next, discuss which of the above conflict management methods seemed to yield the best outcomes for your learning team. Explain your rationale. Since lack of input poses to be a problem with the current learning team, avoidance is used by team members. The remaining team members who show up for meetings and actively contribute have done so in a collaborative manner in order to finish the task at hand. The six conflict management strategies can occur in all teams, but the conflict management strategy that yields the best outcome is using collaboration. Collaboration is a means of problem solving that takes all ideas and finds the best solution based upon the ideas. If all team members bring ideas to the table, the learning team can then take all ideas into consideration and determine the best solution to the conflict.4. Summarize the responses to #3 into five specific team rules about conflict management that describe how team members will respond and behave in challenging situations. Consider adopting the following phrasing: When faced with conflict, our team will manage it by†¦. A. Create a schedule that lists who is responsible for what portion and the due date for inclusion in the overall project.B. Everyone will communicate in a respectful manner.C. Take constructive criticism and compromiseD. Work cooperatively with other members of the team.E.   Participate and complete assignment on timeReferencesHamilton, Cheryl R (2001) Communicating for Results. Belmont: Wadsworth / ThomsonLearning.

1984 - Socialism

1984 Socialism Essay 1984 SocialismEric Blair, known to his readers under the English pen name of George Orwell (1903-1950), was a man familiar with the roles of government.He served with the British government in Burma under the Indian Imperial Police.Returning to his European roots, Orwell also sided with the Spanish government as he fought with the Loyalists in their civil war.It wasnt until he wrote professionally as a political writer that Orwells ideas of government were fully expressed.Orwell, in his political writings, was extremely contradictory.He was a critic of communism, yet he also considered himself a Socialist.He had hatred toward intellectuals, but he too was a political writer.It is only natural that a man of paradoxes would write of them.In his novel Nineteen Eighty-Four, George Orwell develops his Socialist Utopia as a paradoxical society that ultimately succeeds rather than flounders. The society that Orwell creates is full of paradoxes that existed all the way up to its origins.The founders of the new lifestyle, known as the revolutionaries of the mid-twentieth century, leads the public to believe false intentions of revolt, as these purposes soon become exact opposite outcomes.The original designers seek to create an ideal social order out of England that is beneficial to all.Marin Kessler, a literary essayist, agrees that these utopianshad hoped to construct a perfect society in which men and women could enjoy that ultimate degree of happiness which, it was implied denied through the folly and wickedness of their present rulers (304).Besides being founded on the concept of a Utopia, the revolutionaries believe they could achieve their goals through Ingsoc, a variation on English socialism (named justly).The main concept of socialism is its stress on social equality, so much that the government distributes any possessions equally.In reality, this policy sought t o destroy individual property, instead emphasizing collective property, owned by the government for the ultimate purpose of equality.Socialism is also often considered the politics of the working class and lower regime, since they actually benefited from it.Although the founders claim to create a socialist Utopia with its respective freedoms, the society of Oceania they create is exactly the opposite of their original principles.OBrien, a major contributor to the government organization known as the Party, describes the contradictory characteristics of the world power of Oceania, Do you begin to see then, what kind of world we are creating?It is the exact opposite of the stupid hedonistic Utopias that the old reformers imaginedThe old civilizations claimed they were founded upon love and justice.Ours is founded upon hatred (Nineteen Eighty-Four 220).Oceania is anything but socialist; it is rather a totalitarian empire.The Party is all-powerful in this nation and limits the peoples o wn power as well.Oceanias people are oppressed by the government that is supposed to be protecting them and their rights.Orwell foresaw the approach of a totalist society from which faith, custom, common sense, justice, order, freedom, brotherhood, art, literature, and even sexual love would be eradicated, declares literary critic Russell Kirk.The new socialist oligarchy would live for the intoxication of brutal power (311).Every action and policy of the Party demonstrates its oppressiveness.The Party destroys the concept of privacy via the telescreen, an instrument used to transmit and receive images.The Party conceals the truth and only tells lies to its people through the controlled media.The Party destroys a language as it evolves English into Newspeak, a language limited in abstract ideas.The Party outlaws the act of sexual intercourse and procreation.The most horrific violation of natural rights is the Partys prohibition of individuality.Although there are no written laws in O ceania, there is only one true offense: opposing the Party.Socialism attempts to create a society with only one true social order, so that all members are equal parts.Oceania, on the other hand, is composed of three real class orders with the top oppressing the other two. A work entitled The Theory and Practice of Oligarchical Collectivism, more simply known to the Oceanic public as the book, describes the true class structure: At the apex of the pyramid comes Big Brother.Big Brother is infallible and all-powerfulBelow Big Brother comes the Inner Party, its numbers limited to six millions, or something less then two percent of the population of Oceania.Below the Inner Party comes the Outer Party, which, if the Inner Part..y is described as the brain of the State, may be justly likened to the hands.Below that come the dumb masses whom we habitually refer to as the proles, numbering perhaps eighty-five percent of the population.In terms of our earlier classification, the proles are th e Low, whoare not a permanent or necessary part of the structure. (171-172). READ: The Hound of the Baskervilles EssayThe Party of Oceania completely rejects the class structure that Socialism is founded on.Oceania is more a monarchy than that of a Socialist society, with Big Brother as its immortal and superhuman king; the Party is the nobility class and the proles, mere peasants.Additionally, Socialism is the politics of the proletarians, the working class of a society, differing immensely from the Oceanic structure as the proles are exactly those who are neglected and oppressed.All of the goals the founders sought to bestow upon their supposed, Socialist Utopia do not even imitate those actually outcomes.These intentions, therefore, play a major paradoxical role in this mixed up society. Although the origins of Oceania are paradoxes, the institutions that make up this massive power are also baffling.The most notable signs of paradox to indicate that its establishments are also paradoxical are literally contained in the Partys slogan: War is Peace.Freedom is slavery.Ignorance is strength (7).Even though this slogan appears irrational, it is due to the fact that it is devised by an irrational and contracting government.The paradoxical government represents the philosophies of that government.The Partys entire existence lies upon one ultimate paradox, Doublethink. Doublethink is the ultimate paradox, because as its name suggests it is the philosophy of holding a double meaning, two ideas that are contradictory to one another.It would be impossible, however, for the repressive dictatorship to realize the full benefitswithout DoublethinkWithout Doublethink the party would not function, explains expert on politics Martin Kessler.For, when the party intellectual lies, it is essential that he both know that he is tampering with reality and at the same time genuinely believe in his lie (306).Since the philosophies of Oceanic government are paradoxical, it is no surprise that its four major institution are as well.The Ministry of Truth, which tells little of it, is responsible for all forms of news, entertainment, education, and fine arts.In reality, the Minitrue, as translated in Newspeak, falsifies all information and media exposed to the public, destroying any details hinting otherwise.The Ministry of Peace (Minipax) deals only with waging war, rather than keeping peace since Oceania was always in combat with either Eastasia or Eurasia, the only two other superpowers.The Ministry of Love (Miniluv) offers little compassion whatsoever, because they were responsible for punishing and even vaporizing people with even a hint at anything against the Party.The majority of those sent to the Miniluv by the Thought Police are truly guilty of nothing.Lastly, the Ministry of Plenty (Miniplenty) is contradictory to its name, because although its job is to supply the public with economic goods, it rarely distributes anything to keep the power and property within the Party (8).The institutions within the Ocenic society are mere paradoxes of the society as a whole. Even more paradoxes exist within the Partys primary ways of ruling the continental power of Oceania.Its contradictory methods and instruments used for managing demonstrate the true paradox of the society.The technology and use of the telesceen exhibits many paradoxical qualities.This device, while seeming like an entertainment, is able to cause more suffering than pleasure.It is an oppressive instrument that completely abolishes the concept of privacy as the people that are forced to hear and see the television screen can themselves be heard and seen at all times under constant supervision even while sleeping or in the bathroom, according to writer Issaac Asimov (315).The utilization of the telescreen becomes unpleasurable when it makes it easier for the Party to catch one in any act suspicious to it.The Paradox arises even in its mechanism as it transmits propaganda to the people like a television, but at the same time it receives images of the people like a camera.The true paradox arises, because there may have to be five watchers for every person watched.And then, of course, the watchers must themselves be watched, since no one in the Orwellian world is suspicion-free (Asimov 315).It is a wonder how such a technology is able to work, as the philosophies of the Party must be broken at one point.

The Evolution of IBM Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Evolution of IBM - Case Study Example The competencies thus shifted away from technical quality and towards knowledge, experience and personnel expertise (Carlson). The emphases was on focus, speed, customers, teamwork and execution. The company was centralized, global core processes were standardized, metrics were redesigned, and the focus was on the marketplace and the customer (Carlson). How would you describe Louis Gerstner’s implementation style of IBM’s competitive strategy in the early 1990s? The implementation style of IBM’s corporate strategy was focused upon streamlining the operation and cutting costs. IBM cut its workforce to a low of 220,000 employees in 1994, and used other cost reductions for the company. This was half of the competitive strategy. The other half was that Gerstner recognized that the company should continue to provide integrated solutions. The previous idea was that IBM would divide into separate companies that emphasized separate competencies. The idea was that IBM could bundle and customize solutions for customers, packaging hardware, software and services together in a customized bundle (Carlson). Because IBM was centered around an idea, as opposed to a certain technology, it was able to adapt to changing business climates that occur when new technologies arise, and the magazine The Economist states that companies who are rooted in a philosophy, not a product, are the companies who will be around in 100 years (â€Å"The Test of Time,â⠂¬  2011). ... Because IBM was centered around an idea, as opposed to a certain technology, it was able to adapt to changing business climates that occur when new technologies arise, and the magazine The Economist states that companies who are rooted in a philosophy, not a product, are the companies who will be around in 100 years (â€Å"The Test of Time,† 2011). The company also dropped low margin industries, such as personal printers and hard drives. Its focus was on high profit margin businesses, with a focus on becoming a technology integrator. It also acquired the management consulting and technology services arm of Pricewaterhouse Cooper, which was a boon for its services division (Carlson). What are the implications of the globally integrated enterprise model for marketing managers in the Australia and New Zealand subsidiary of IBM? The implications are that, even though the New Zealand and Australian marketing managers are working for a subsidiary of IBM, they will have to adhere to the corporate ethos of IBM. Moreover, they will be controlled by the centralized unit of IBM, and the products and services that they will be producing will be products and services which are approved by centralized management at IBM. The values, processes and shared services will be those of IBM. It appears that IBM has abandoned the strategy of having parents and children in the corporate sense, and more that each of the offices around the world are a part of IBM, and not independent. Discuss the elements of the marketing strategy that makes IBM successful in today’s global marketplace. One of the important elements of the marketing strategy is that IBM integrates production and value delivery worldwide, while depending upon state borders less

Charlie Chaplin's The Kid Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Charlie Chaplin's The Kid - Movie Review Example . When viewers from a wider spectrum of society appreciate a film that celebrates cross-dressing, this indicates not only that the film has an intrinsic emotional appeal, but that the general audience is ripe for the message of sexual variation and tolerance. The transformation is not at all simple or one-sided, though, and what makes the film emotionally affecting is the very fact that the main character maintains conflicting impulses, creating real tension within a single character. Even when the setting is changed, Chaplin is there under fake pretenses, and the comic elements of the film arise from his mistaken interpretations of social issues. I understand a unique nature of the main character and his universal wisdom based on personal philosophy and life experience. Chaplin carries the film in a number of senses, for it is not just her face, his words, and his gestures that enrapture us; all the dramatic conflict of the plot also takes place within the character. It is possible to assume that "heaven" is a "better life" and a society free from social uinequalities and hardship. By association with a unique personality, the star will take on the exceptional attributes of honesty, courage, intelligence, passion, religious fervor, purity.

Green Buildings in Saudi Arabia Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Green Buildings in Saudi Arabia - Dissertation Example The researcher of this dissertation chapter states that it has been expected that regulation of Green Buildings would become obligatory in Saudi Arabia in the recent times. The government and the industry have been obtained to work together in this regard such that a common standard may be incorporated and applied in the process. Water and energy savings in buildings have also been considered significantly where the Ministry of Electricity is effectively involved with the Green Building Council and other associated companies. The researcher describes that green building that practices the creation of structures and use of processes intending to increase the effectiveness of use of resources like energy, water, and materials, at the same time plummeting the impacts of building on human health and the surroundings during the lifecycle of the building, with the use of enhanced design, construction, operation, maintenance, and removal, has been considered in the strategic plan by the Gul f countries like Dubai. The researcher also analyzed and discussed the availability of using different regulations in the country, energy efficiency of Saudi Arabia, air and indoor environmental quality of green houses and causes leading to increased demand of power and electricity in Saudi Arabia today. In conclusion, it is stated by the researcher that It can be expected that in the near future the country would be able to successfully achieve the green building constructions for the purpose of living and work in the country.

Assessment in Counseling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Assessment in Counseling - Essay Example Assessment being an integrated assortment of data gathered from both informal and formal interactions with the client by the counselor provides a more holistic insight into the problems of the client (Juhnke, 1995, p. 2). The assessing process is found to begin when the counselor starts to see â€Å"a clear picture of the outcomes a client expects from counselling† (Hiebert, 1996). The assessing process should focus on client learning outcomes as well as client impact outcomes (Hiebert, 1996). It can be seen that client learning outcomes are easy to realize while impact outcomes may remain difficult to attain yet (Hiebert, 1996). This is shown in the below given example: School counsellors can feel confident about teaching children conflict resolution procedures or anger management skills (which are learning outcomes), but they may be less successful in making a child less aggressive (which is an impact outcome), because they cannot have sufficient impact to counteract the eff ects of contextual factors such as family violence and many years of practice using aggression to resolve conflict (Hiebert, 1996). When a counselor tries to bring about both these outcomes through assessment, the assessment techniques are used in harmony with each other so that it becomes â€Å"a continuous process, throughout treatment† (Juhnke, 1995, p.2). ... circumstances and the range of client learning outcomes make it unlikely that appropriate standardized assessments could be developed (Hiebert, 1996). Informal assessment techniques comprise of â€Å"informal, yet systematic, procedures for documenting the evidence that client progress has been made† (Hiebert, 1996). Some informal assessment techniques are, goal attainment scaling, checklists, self-monitoring, thought listing, mind mapping, life line, role play, and photograph safari (Hiebert, 1996; Juhnke, 1995). Here, the process of assessment itself is viewed as part of the change process that happens in the client ((Juhnke, 1995, p.2). The five major uses of assessment according to Wall (n.d) have been â€Å"selection and placement, diagnosis, accountability and evaluation, identifying trends or progress (and) self discovery† (p.69). Wall (n.d) has also listed the advantages of using assessment, namely, objectivity, cost effectiveness and fairness (p.71-72). Two sit uations in which I would use formal assessment While dealing with children with language disabilities, I may use developmental screening method (Gullo, 2005, p.45). Gullo (2005) has described developmental screening tests as â€Å"norm-referenced assessment instruments that allow one to compare an individual child’s score with those of other children of similar chronological age† (p.45). These tests will also enable me to gauge the â€Å"visual-motor and adaptive skills† of these children and design special learning packages for them. I can use another formal assessment method, diagnostic tests, while handling children with dyslexia. The purpose of such a test is that we identify and measure â€Å"the existence of a disability or specific area of academic weakness in a child† (Gullo, 2005, p.46). I will

Plaease answer four questions that are in the assignment Coursework

Plaease answer four questions that are in the assignment - Coursework Example The diarthrodial joint between the forearm and humerus allows a hinge movement with the help of their lubricating fluid for the adduction and abduction movements to be possible (Tortora, 2008). Part 2: As the individual drinks water, the liquid enters the mouth passing through the esophagus to the stomach. From the stomach, the water travels to the small intestines while it begins to be absorbed in the stomach through diffusion and osmosis. The water is carried to the blood stream to continue its travel to the renal system. It is filtered out of the blood because of gradient pressure and carried to the renal artery to reach the glomerulus. Leaving this body part, the blood’s next destination is the Bowman’s capsule. From here, the water traverses the kidney tubule to approach the collecting tubules. However, not all waste fluid may arrived at the next stop because important substances still has to be reabsorbed back to the blood (Wagman, 1992). The rest which are waste products continue their journey to the collecting tubules until they enter the renal pelvis where they will spend some of their time. The waste liquid referred to as urine is slowly collected to the bladder to be expelled out of the body when it reaches its maximum amount via the ureters.

Comparison and Contrast of Dispatches and Slaughterhouse Five Essay

Comparison and Contrast of Dispatches and Slaughterhouse Five - Essay Example The main similarity of both works is that they are personal stories of soldiers coming through war and battlefields. "Slaughterhouse-Five" is a personal story which reflects Vonnegut's experience in WWII. The story is unique because the author depicts events, experience, time, memories through different frames which do not connected with each other. "Dispatches" by Herr portrays a life of a war correspondent in Viet Nam. Herr mentions "What a story he told me, it took me a year to understand it" (Herr, 1991). His personal narration plays a crucial role in plot development appealing to readers through its simplicity and veracity. Both authors use colorful language means to share the atmosphere of war. For instance, Vonnegut writes: "We had been foolish virgins in the war, right at the end of childhood" (Vonnegut, 1969). Both authors depict that war changed worldviews and emotions of soldiers faced with enormous emotional burden and fears. War is depicted as the time when people feel lack of money as Billy does. Vonnegut shows that after the war-time, Billy bears in mind the importance of wealth and richness seeing the marriage with Valencia as the great opportunity to improve his financial position.

International Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

International Relations - Essay Example This would involve the Americans thinking the worst about Iran and to act out of self-interest. This probably would mean that Iran would be bombed. The second approach could be a liberal one which would involve the U.S. acting within the bounds of the international system. Both of these approaches will be explored in this brief essay. Realism involves looking at the political system in a way that takes self-interest as the paramount motivator for actors. There is not really any such thing as altruism in this theory, only power and efforts to accumulate power. In order to have power, a country must have security (Bell, 2008, p. 25). For the United States, Iran represents a serious security threat to the world order it has established. Iran threatens Israel and to a less extent Saudi Arabia. A lot of the rhetoric from Iran is poisonous and also suggests Iran is a threat. Washington can only take Iran at its word when it says that it wants to destroy Israel, America's ally. The way that Iran treats its own people lends all of this credence too. Because of these factors, the United States should act decisively. Clearly, negotiation has not been successful. For many American realists, the only thing that Iran will understand is force. Following this theory through to its conclusion, it seems necessary for America to bomb Iran. Politicians like Dick Cheney might be described as realists.

History of Database Essay Example for Free

History of Database Essay Storing data and files is an important aspect of business for various industries of the world. The storage of data in computers or database system is proven to be cost effective. Large or small database needs a system which will control the processes in the databases. Such applications are called database management systems (DBMS). From the time it was designed, the need for a good DBMS has increased because of the escalating number of data stored in the database. There are many available DBMS that private corporations use today. Indeed, database management systems have evolved due to the demand for the services that these systems provide. Database Management System A database management system is a collection of programs which enables the user or a network of users to mange files and data inside the database. The management includes storing, deleting, modifying, and extracting information from the database. It manages the request of the user and other programs installed in the computer or in the network. The DBMS ensures the integrity and reliability of the data. Some DBMS also provide security to the database (Tatum, 2003). There are many different forms of database management systems available in the market today because of the different private and public organizations or corporations which require different kinds of DBMS. However, there are four important elements that every DBMS have. These are the modeling language, data structures, data query language and mechanism that allows transactions (Tatum, 2003). The modeling language is the element that pertains to the approach used by the DBMS to communicate with the database. There are several approaches available today including hierarchical, relational, network and object-oriented (Christiansen, 2005). The hierarchical model makes use of pointers to navigate between stored data which is stored hierarchically in a downward tree. The structure is very inflexible in changing data and access requirements. The data is accessed by navigating from the root data to the data on the lower part of the hierarchy. In addition, the user should know the structure of the system before he or she can make an inquiry (Hsior, n. d. ). The network model is like the hierarchical model. It uses pointers to navigate through the data but it does not use a downward tree structure. It has limited flexibility in changing data and accessing requirements. Access to the data is accomplished by navigating through the structure and issuing specific statements to find specific data types in relation to the starting point of the structure (Hsior, n. d. ). In relational model, the data is stored in the two-dimensional tables. The data in the relational method is manipulated based on the relational theory of mathematics. The data types in this model are assigned with a symbolic primary key or foreign key construction. The referential integrity of the model is supported by the relational theory of mathematics. This model is very flexible to the data changes and access requirements. And the access to data types is based on relational algebra and relational calculus statements (Hsior, n. d. ). And lastly, the object-oriented model stores data as objects. This model is more direct than its predecessors since the design is very close to the real world model. The object-oriented model allows an easier way to maintain the database. The identification of objects is assigned by the system which protects the consistency of the data; while in the relational systems, it is assigned by the user. The database does not only store data but a whole application as well. Moreover, it can be executed inside the database. The concept of inheritance in this model makes code easily reusable. Furthermore, the object-oriented model is more practical and more economical (Hsior, n. d. ). The data structures are the elements that a DBMS manages inside the database. Different databases require different data structures which different DBMS manage. Data structures include individual records, files, fields and objects such as media files. DBMS need to define data structures to ensure the integrity of the data while it is being accessed. The data query language is the element which takes care of the security of the database. It monitors login data, assigns access rights and privileges, and defines the criteria for the add data function in the data base (Tatum, 2003). History The origin of database can be traced back to libraries, governments and other institutions that require storage of data. The DBMS was designed to ensure the integrity, security and accessibility of data. The design of the DBMS constantly evolves through time. It aims to create a design of which has better reliability and performance (Mann, 2003). In the 1800, Jose Marie Jacquard had created a machine, Jacquard Loom, which produced fabric from stored design from a punch card. The data of the design is stored in punch cards where holes represent the details in the design. In this way, the Jacquard Loom automatically designs the loom depending on the punch card in use (Tatum, 2003). Similar technology was used in the 1890 as Herman Hollerith created a mechanism that recorded information in a punch card which was coded numerically. The idea is that the data can punch in specific locations in the card, and then it can be counted and sorted automatically. This design was used by the US government to perform the census. Hollerith’s company solely produces the machine that records the data in the punch card and another machine that tabulates and sorts the cards. This company is renamed to IBM. The company prospered as it was able to produce machines that can record data for business and government institutions during 1910 towards 1960. The systems have records of every household and other data needed for the analysis of the society (Tatum, 2003). By 1955, many business and government institutions have floors dedicated for the storage of punched cards and floors for the machines. The machines work with punch-board which control accumulator registers that could reproduce punched cards or put data on paper. Some very large companies accumulate tons of data everyday that costs millions on storage. Thus, the need for a new technology has become very imminent (Tatum, 2003). In the 1960s, private organizations and corporations needed computers that have better storage capabilities and computers are proven to be cost effective against ordinary punch cards. In line with this, database administrators needed database management systems to cope with the increasing data storage capacity of computers and the increasing number of data being stored. The hierarchical and network model are the two main data models developed which were used in database management systems during the earlier years. They made use of pointers which was used to navigate through records. In these models, there were difficulties in adding another field in the higher level since it will require rewriting the scheme for access in the lower level data. In this system, the emphasis of the model was placed on the type of data to be processed and not the over all structure of the system. In addition, the user who will need access to the data should know the structure of the database before he can make a query for information (Vaughn, 2003). In the early 1970s, the Edgar F. Codd proposed a relational approach in manipulating data in the database. He published an article entitled A relational model of data for large shared data banks which became the foundation in the development of the relational database. The article showed a theory of how to store data in a rectangular or in two-dimensional tables and then use the theory of mathematical sets to operate on it. The relational databases represent the first implementation of the real database management system. Since then, the relation model had been the most popular or standard approach for database management systems (Vaughn, 2003). In the mid-70s, the theory of Codd on relational databases was put into research projects by several competing camps. During this time, the term Relational Database Management System or the RDBMS was coined. During these times, there are two main prototypes based on the relational were developed. These are the System R developed by the IBM and Ingres developed by the University of California at Berkeley. These two prototypes led to different kinds of DBMS. The two lines of DBMS created by the two prototypes used different query languages. IBM’s System R uses the Structured Query Language (SQL) and the UCB’s Ingres uses QUEL short for query language. Also in mid-1970s, Peter P. Chen proposed the Entity-Relationship Model for the database design which gave a new insight in the conceptual models of a database management system. This model gives the designer of the database management system a way to concentrate more on the use of data instead of its logical structure like other method does (Vaughn, 2003). In the early 1980s, the commercialization of the Relational Database Management System began to intensify due to the increasing demand of databases in corporations around the world. The higher demand was caused by the emerging business in the United States and other countries around the world. Another reason is that organizations and corporations had increasing number of data needed to be stored. Businesses rely on computers for their data storage thus a better database management system is needed to manage large databases that these businesses have. At the same time, many companies made some products which give individual users to maintain a small database in their own computer (Vaughn, 2003). In the rest of the 1980s, SQL had become the standard query language for many databases which was caused by the emergence of the local area network. The Oracle Corporation made the first commercial relational database. Moreover, the network and hierarchical models faded to the background. However, there are still others that use the network and hierarchical models (Vaughn, 2003). It was during the early 1990s when the industry of databases had a shakeout and there are only a few companies that survived for offering better products. The most important development on the computer industry was on application builders and programming languages. During these times, the prototype of the object-oriented database management system was introduced. The object-oriented DBMS is conceptualized to handle big and complex data that relational database management systems had a hard time to handle (Vaughn, 2003). In the mid-1990s, the influx of internet use revived the need for database industry. This demand came from internet servers in order to manipulate the large amounts of data which must be made accessible to internet users. Better security and reliability is also needed to protect the client-users and the information itself from corruption and tamper. As such, only a good database management system can provide this. In addition, the database industry during these times has reached the desktop computers in the users’ own homes. This provides desktop computer users to manage their own small database or access the large databases on the internet (Vaughn, 2003). In the late 1990s, the industry prospered in terms of internet sales and database tools. The e-commerce industry boomed since business transactions have been done online. The Online Transaction Processing and the Online Analytical Processing emerged (Vaughn, 2003). However, in the early 21st century, there has been a decline in the internet industry. Nonetheless, the database industry is still growing because the demand for a larger database and better DBMS is steadily growing. There are other interactive applications that emerged during these times. Three companies have dominated the database industry including Microsoft, Oracle and IBM (Vaughn, 2003). Nowadays, huge systems require a good way to manage and analyze data. These databases’ storage capacity for the data now reaches the terrabyte level. Such databases are science databases which hold genome projects, national security, and space exploration data. Shopping online is also one of the common practices today. Millions of buyers participate on this application, thus requiring a larger database and good handling abilities. There are researches today that is said to surpass the capabilities of the SQL. This development will ensure another significant growth in the database industry (Vaughn, 2003). Future Trends Mobile database is now emerging in various ways. This technology will secure a more remote access to database. Additionally, more and more people will access a single database at a time. As such, proper management is needed to ensure the continuous service and to prevent a system crush (Vaughn, 2003). Object-oriented database management system is predicted to dominate the database market as well as other computer markets. The emergence of the use of this model threatens to wipe other database models (Vaughn, 2003). As time goes by, there are certain issues that have risen alongside the creation of larger databases. Ethical issue is one of them; the larger the database is, the harder that people can efficiently manage it. Consequently, it is easier for perpetrators to subtly penetrate a system without being known by the administrators. In addition, some databases use automatic analyzing application which is sometimes unethical to use (Vaughn, 2003). Evidently, the database evolved from simple punched cards to huge mainframes. The advances in database technology have propelled the growing need for large data storage and management tools to access and analyze it. The database management system evolved as billions of information are generated by large business and government institutions everyday. The demand still grows as the internet community is still continuously growing. The future of database industry is very clear – it will continue to prosper and advance as the world continuously develops. References Christiansen, S. (2005). Database Management System. Retrieved April 10, 2009, from http://searchsqlserver. techtarget. com/sDefinition/0,,sid87_gci213669,00. html Hsior, J. (n. d. ). Evolution of Database Systems. Retrieved April 12, 2009, from http://w3. ocit. edu. tw/ben/foxpro6/article/english/ch01/page04. htm Mann, M. (2006). History and Comparison of Relational Database Management Systems. TechnoCircle HVB Information Services. Retrieved April 11, 2009, from http://www. guug. de/lokal/muenchen/2007-05-14/rdbmsc. pdf Tatum, M. (2003). What is DBMS? Retrieved April 10, 2009, from http://www. wisegeek. com/what-is-dbms. htm Vaughn, J. (2003). A short Database History. Hobart and William Smith Colleges. Retrieved April 12, 2009, from http://math. hws. edu/vaughn/cpsc/343/2003/history. html