The Epidemic Of The Hiv Virus - 1747 Words

Stephan Ziccardi Professor Becher ENC 1101 October 24th, 2015 Since the discovery of the HIV virus in 1983, there have been many precautions taken to control and prevent the spreading of this deadly disease. Helen Epstein, who is the author of â€Å"AIDS Inc,† informs her readers about the sexually transmitted disease known as the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Epstein enlightens her audience with crucial information in regards to the ruthless disease that is devouring the lives of innocent people, typically in Africa, where people are especially prone to acquiring AIDS. South Africa, having one of the highest amounts of rape crimes in the world, is also home to the highest amount of people living with HIV in the world, at about†¦show more content†¦We must enforce safe sex procedures to ensure a healthy future for generations to come. Transmission of the HIV virus, as well as any other types of STDs, is a subject that needs to be discussed seriously and cautiously. There are many ways that one can acquire HIV/AIDS and it is very beneficial that every person is aware of the certain procedures to follow in order to avoid such an afflicting harm. The most common transmission of HIV is through sexual intercourse, where bodily fluids such as semen, vaginal secretions, or even blood are transferred from an HIV positive person to a non-infected person. AIDS is the deadliest sexually transmitted disease reaping about 13,700 deaths per year(Web, HIV in the US). There are approximately 36.9 million people living with the HIV virus, which is why more prevention techniques should be utilized across the globe. Safe-sex practices should be taught in every school district and household in the world. If more people were informed on how serious this disease is and how easily one can get infected, there would be a tremendous decline in transmissions. The simplest way to prevent the spread of HIV is obviously to be abstinent, however with social reform in modern day society more and more teenagers are beginning to become sexually active. In hindsight of this inevitable change, the development of a higher educational program concerning sexual intercourse needs to be developed. Education in the fragile aspects of

How Societ Influences Gender Identity - 3802 Words

Introduction The impact of social and cultural norms on the way an adolescent shapes and perceives identity has come under greater scrutiny in recent years. Although societies differ in the specific nature of the attributes associated with maleness and femaleness, each society attempts to communicate the gender norms to children and adolescents through various mechanisms. Acculturated gender roles have a significant influence on the way parents rear children, which impacts the way the children view themselves. A conflict between the external societal role assigned to an adolescent based on biological gender and the internal gender identity formed by the adolescent can have negative consequences for psychological health. Gender identity†¦show more content†¦Case Study (Person Whom I Know) Samantha, who uses the nickname Sam, is a female aged 14 who is considered a tomboy by her parents and peers. She tends to dress in male clothing and engage in activities that are stereotypically male such as contact sports and playing action video games. She also watches television for two to three hours a day and frequently attends movies, usually alone. While she wears a stereotypically female hair style, it is cut relatively short. She is academically bright and intends to enter college after she completes high school. She is sexually attracted to boys he r age, but conceals her feelings because she is concerned about rejection. She is socially ostracized by the females in her peer group and is often the object of negative comments about her behavior and sexuality. As a result, she has engaged in physical fights with some of her female peers. At the same time, she is not fully accepted by males in her age group as a peer because of their awareness that she is a female. Her parents encourage her to dress in more traditionally female clothing, which she resists. They also attempted to ensure that she had only the toys they deemed appropriate for a girl when she was a child. Although they continuously encourage her to be more feminine, they assume that she will eventually outgrow the behaviors they consider inappropriate for an adolescent girl. As a

Maria Montessori Her Life and Work - 5375 Words

Montessori Education SA Montessori, Pre-Primary Philosophy 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Covering Page 1 Table Of Contents 2 1 Write a page about Maria Montessori’s family, 4 where they lived, her father’s profession, her mother and her siblings 2 Where did Maria Montessori go to school, what did she study and why 5 3 Write about Maria Montessori’s Medical training, why, where 6 4 Note where she first practised medicine, why, and what did she learn 7 5 What was the ‘Children’s House’, where was it located, 9 what was Maria Montessori’s role 6 When did Maria Montessori first start writing and why 11 7 Why do you think Maria Montessori never married, substantiate with†¦show more content†¦Ã¯Æ'Ëœ At the age of twelve the family moved to Rome here she could receive a better education. ïÆ'Ëœ At fourteen a keen interest in mathematics developed and Maria really enjoyed it, this was an interest that she carried throughout her life. ïÆ'Ëœ Her parents suggested that she follow a career in teaching as this was one of the only professions available to young woman in the male dominated society in which Maria Montessori lived. She would not even consider it at this point. ïÆ'Ëœ Due to her mathematical mind she decided she would like to follow a career in engineering which was seen as a very unusual career for a young lady. ïÆ'Ëœ Maria Montessori attended a technical school for boys and graduated in 1886 and received very high marks in all her subjects her final score being 137 out of 150. ïÆ'Ëœ After this she â€Å"attended Regio Instituto Tecnico Leonardo da Vinci from 1886 to 1890 (Kramer 1976)†. It was here that she studied modern languages and natural sciences her favourite of all her classes was math. Question Three: - Write about her medical training, why, where, etc? ïÆ'Ëœ When she was ready to graduate she was very drawn to the study of biological sciences her family were shocked to say the least but her father was very disapproving of her desire to study medicine he stopped short of forbidding her to continue with this idea. ïÆ'Ëœ Maria first checked with the University of Rome and spoke to â€Å"Dr Guido Bacelli the head of the board of education†. DrShow MoreRelatedMontessori : History And Developmental Theory1043 Words   |  5 Pageshead: Maria Montessori Maria Montessori - History and Developmental Theory Kelsie Nesbitt Georgian College Abstract This paper will explore Maria Montessori and her theories on early childhood education. Using information that I find online and through the Introduction to ECE textbook, I will create an organized research report describing how and why Maria Montessori has had such a huge impact on early childhood education today. After furthering my knowledge with research on Maria MontessoriRead MoreDevelopmental Theorist: Dr. Maria Telca Montessori849 Words   |  3 PagesDr. Maria Telca Montessori was the founder of the Montessori method of education. Maria, an Italian physician and educator, was born in Ancona, Italy on August 31, 1870 and died May 6, 1952. She was born to Alessandro and Renilde Montessori. Marie’s father was a soldier when he was young, and her mother was well educated. As a child Maria was seen to be self confident, positive, and extremely keen in change and helping people. Maria would knit things for the poor, and she enjoyed taking her neighborRead MoreHistorica l Overview of Montessori Method1636 Words   |  7 PagesALPNA KUMAR Section 1, Part 1, Lesson 1 August 8, 2012 Lesson 1: Historical Overview of Montessori Method Write a chronological overview (time line) of Maria Montessori’s life and work. Indicate the life events you feel were most significant in her development of the Montessori Method of education. Describe how Montessori developed her approach. Include the factors occurring at that time in the world that contributed to the method’s popular acceptance. Education being a necessary partRead MoreReview of the Montessori Method1375 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The Montessori Method† Review Paper Lisa Ahlgrim National Louis University Maria Montessori was a visionary woman, passionate about providing quality education to all children. Born in 1870, at a time where few women attended college and were not expected to work in any area other than teaching, Maria grew up determined to become a doctor in spite of society, and even her father’s reservations. She was not accepted into the University of Rome, but with her spirit of perseverance, Maria gainedRead MoreMontessori : Curriculum Model Approach Research1186 Words   |  5 PagesMontessori Curriculum Model Approach Research Paper 2017-10-13 The topic that I choose for my curriculum model/approach paper is Montessori. Montessori is an approach to education that is individual. It is for children from toddlers all through high school that helps all children reach full potential in all the areas of life. Montessori is an approach that is student-centered. Montessori encourages creativity and curiosity and helps children to ask questions, explore, investigate and think of themselvesRead MoreMontessori vs. Piaget Essay1477 Words   |  6 PagesMaria Montessori’s Theory Vs. Jean Piaget’s Theory Maria Montessori and Jean Piaget are two educational philosophers whose theories are still being used and influence today’s educational system. Their theories and methods were revolutionary for their times, but they came to be greatly respected. Both of these theorist developed their own stages of child development and were able to base education on these stages. Although in many ways Piaget and Montessori were very similarRead MoreDescribe What Montessori Meant by â€Å"New Education†1594 Words   |  7 PagesDr Maria Montessori dedicated and committed her life into education of the children. She has witnessed through some years with wars and conflicts and she thought; through education this can be turned into peace to this world. Since the year 1907 Montessori name has been recognized in the education system. Even though it has been over a century to this date Montessori principles are as powerful as it was. Dr Maria Montessori has relied on her actual observation s on children to develop her methodRead MoreDr Maria Montessori1464 Words   |  6 PagesAssignment Module 1 1. Discuss life and work of Dr. Maria Montessori and why is she referred to as a  lady much ahead of her time? * Dr. Maria Montessori was born in Italy in 1870. Most of her life was spent in Rome. Her  father Ale jandro was an accountant in government services. Her mother, Renilde , had good education for a woman of her time and was more open to the many transformations that affected daily life at the end of the 19th Century. Maria Montessori, an only child, she was a vivaciousRead MoreMaria Montessori Is One Of The Many Early Childhood Theorist762 Words   |  4 PagesMaria Montessori is one of the many early childhood theorist we have. Although there are many I chose to write about her, because of her unique theories. Maria was born in Italy in 1870 to Her father, Allessandro Montessori a retired army officer. Her mother, Renilde Stoppani Montessori, an intelligent, modern-thinking woman from a wealthy family. As a young child, Maria’s mom taught her how to knit, and in her spare time she would knit for the poor. This act of kindness was to teach her to be compassionateRead Mo re Maria Montessori: From Marginal to Mainstream Essay1682 Words   |  7 PagesMaria Montessori: From Marginal to Mainstream Biographical Background When I was at school we had a teacher whose fixed idea was to make us learn the lives of famous women, in order to incite us to imitate them. The exhortation which accompanied the narration was always the same: You too should try to become famous. Would you not like to become famous? Oh no, I replied drily one day, I shall never be that. I care to much for the children of the future to add yet another biography to

Theme Analysis Angels and Demons by Dan Brown - 1518 Words

Throughout history a peoples hopes have enabled them to triumph against all odds. The militiamen of colonial America were able to protect their independence from the British, who at the time had the largest, most powerful military in the world. In more recent years, the passengers of a commercial airliner included in the 9/11 tragedy were able to crash their plane before it reached its unknown, but surely, life-devastating destination. These were ordinary people were able to overtake armed, savagely trained terrorists. They were empowered by the hope of saving lives, which they did through their brave sacrifice. This kind of hope inspires many emotions and feelings. It allows people to convince themselves that what they want to happen†¦show more content†¦The Hassassin comes from a long line of assassins dating back to the time of the original formation of the Illuminati. When he receives Janus call and orders, he sees it as a chance to prove himself. The Hassassin takes his actions in hope of raising himself up to the glory where he has place his ancient ancestors. He hopes that by working with Illuminati against the Catholic Church, he will have proved himself of the honor bestowed upon him by his heritage. Robert Langdon and Vittoria Vetra enter Vatican City and soon realize that it would be fruitless searching for the lost anti-matter. The Swiss Royal Guard stationed in the Vatican are in charge of that crisis. Langdon and Vittoria soon catch wind of the missing cardinals and are leading the search to find the Hassassin before he can kill all four of the preterite. This is literally a puzzling task and it pushes Langdon to his maximum. He must follow the Path of Illumination (an ancient path across Rome, where one would find marks leading to other marks and eventually to the Church of Illumination, where one could join the Illuminati) to find the Hassassin. It seems that the Hassassin is always one step ahead of Langdon, due to the fact Langdon had to stretch his mind to its maximum to find the next marker. Langdon, under the stress of saving the four possible popes, is able to follow the path of Illumination. The path of Illumination was literally only figured out by the greatest minds of the time, during theShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of Angels and Demons Essay3050 Words   |  13 PagesRamon San Jose May. 2, 2005 Period-4 Showers SSR Analysis 1.) The main setting takes place in the beautiful, elegant, religious, Vatican City. The story pretty spread out throughout the Vatican in churches, especially St. Peters Basilica, museums, the popes hidden passageways, offices, and a lot of other interesting places. Vatican City is a beautiful city where an abundant amount of faithful living Catholics are located. This city is also where ChristianityRead MoreMandinka Empire21578 Words   |  87 Pagescolonial British and plantation records, and numerous mentions of slaves in colonial newspaper accounts, including ads for runaway slaves. However, Pollitzer’s analysis of the Gullah suffers some by not fully appreciating the connectedness of Mande culture and language back in west Africa. Another rare defect in this important book is that his analysis of Lorenzo Turner’s seminal Africanisms in the Gullah Dialect seems too literal in its reliance on Turner’s African-language speakers of the 1940s who singled

The Amber Spyglass Chapter 3 Scavengers Free Essays

string(87) " and at one point in his journey, he had found himself swimming into that other world\." Serafina Pekkala, the clan queen of the witches of Lake Enara, wept as she flew through the turbid skies of the Arctic. She wept with rage and fear and remorse: rage against the woman Coulter, whom she had sworn to kill; fear of what was happening to her beloved land; and remorse†¦ She would face the remorse later. Meanwhile, looking down at the melting ice cap, the flooded lowland forests, the swollen sea, she felt heartsick. We will write a custom essay sample on The Amber Spyglass Chapter 3 Scavengers or any similar topic only for you Order Now But she didn’t stop to visit her homeland, or to comfort and encourage her sisters. Instead, she flew north and farther north, into the fogs and gales around Svalbard, the kingdom of Iorek Byrnison, the armored bear. She hardly recognized the main island. The mountains lay bare and black, and only a few hidden valleys facing away from the sun had retained a little snow in their shaded corners; but what was the sun doing here anyway, at this time of year? The whole of nature was overturned. It took her most of a day to find the bear-king. She saw him among the rocks off the northern edge of the island, swimming fast after a walrus. It was harder for bears to kill in the water: when the land was covered in ice and the great sea-mammals had to come up to breathe, the bears had the advantage of camouflage and their prey was out of its element. That was how things should be. But Iorek Byrnison was hungry, and even the stabbing tusks of the mighty walrus couldn’t keep him at bay. Serafina watched as the creatures fought, turning the white sea-spray red, and saw Iorek haul the carcass out of the waves and onto a broad shelf of rock, watched at a respectful distance by three ragged-furred foxes, waiting for their turn at the feast. When the bear-king had finished eating, Serafina flew down to speak to him. Now was the time to face her remorse. â€Å"King Iorek Byrnison,† she said, â€Å"please may I speak with you? I lay my weapons down.† She placed her bow and arrows on the wet rock between them. Iorek looked at them briefly, and she knew that if his face could register any emotion, it would be surprise. â€Å"Speak, Serafina Pekkala,† he growled. â€Å"We have never fought, have we?† â€Å"King Iorek, I have failed your comrade, Lee Scoresby.† The bear’s small black eyes and bloodstained muzzle were very still. She could see the wind ruffling the tips of the creamy white hairs along his back. He said nothing. â€Å"Mr. Scoresby is dead,† Serafina went on. â€Å"Before I parted from him, I gave him a flower to summon me with, if he should need me. I heard his call and flew to him, but I arrived too late. He died fighting a force of Muscovites, but I know nothing of what brought them there, or why he was holding them off when he could easily have escaped. King Iorek, I am wretched with remorse.† â€Å"Where did this happen?† said Iorek Byrnison. â€Å"In another world. This will take me some time to tell.† â€Å"Then begin.† She told him what Lee Scoresby had set out to do: to find the man who had been known as Stanislaus Grumman. She told him about how the barrier between the worlds had been breached by Lord Asriel, and about some of the consequences – the melting of the ice, for example. She told of the witch Ruta Skadi’s flight after the angels, and she tried to describe those flying beings to the bear-king as Ruta had described them to her: the light that shone on them, the crystalline clarity of their appearance, the richness of their wisdom. Then she described what she had found when she answered Lee’s call. â€Å"I put a spell on his body to preserve it from corruption,† she told him. â€Å"It will last until you see him, if you wish to do that. But I am troubled by this, King Iorek. Troubled by everything, but mostly by this.† â€Å"Where is the child?† â€Å"I left her with my sisters, because I had to answer Lee’s call.† â€Å"In that same world?† â€Å"Yes, the same.† â€Å"How can I get there from here?† She explained. Iorek Byrnison listened expressionlessly, and then said, â€Å"I shall go to Lee Scoresby. And then I must go south.† â€Å"South?† â€Å"The ice has gone from these lands. I have been thinking about this, Serafina Pekkala. I have chartered a ship.† The three little foxes had been waiting patiently. Two of them were lying down, heads on their paws, watching, and the other was still sitting up, following the conversation. The foxes of the Arctic, scavengers that they were, had picked up some language, but their brains were so formed that they could only understand statements in the present tense. Most of what Iorek and Serafina said was meaningless noise to them. Furthermore, when they spoke, much of what they said was lies, so it didn’t matter if they repeated what they’d heard: no one could sort out which parts were true, though the credulous cliff-ghasts often believed most of it, and never learned from their disappointment. The bears and the witches alike were used to their conversations being scavenged as well as the meat they’d finished with. â€Å"And you, Serafina Pekkala?† Iorek went on. â€Å"What will you do now?† â€Å"I’m going to find the gyptians,† she said. â€Å"I think they will be needed.† â€Å"Lord Faa,† said the bear, â€Å"yes. Good fighters. Go well.† He turned away and slipped into the water without a splash, and began to swim in his steady, tireless paddle toward the new world. And some time later, Iorek Byrnison stepped through the blackened undergrowth and the heat-split rocks at the edge of a burned forest. The sun was glaring through the smoky haze, but he ignored the heat as he ignored the charcoal dust that blackened his white fur and the midges that searched in vain for skin to bite. He had come a long way, and at one point in his journey, he had found himself swimming into that other world. You read "The Amber Spyglass Chapter 3 Scavengers" in category "Essay examples" He noticed the change in the taste of the water and the temperature of the air, but the air was still good to breathe, and the water still held his body up, so he swam on, and now he had left the sea behind and he was nearly at the place Serafina Pekkala had described. He cast around, his black eyes gazing up at the sun-shimmering rocks and the wall of limestone crags above him. Between the edge of the burned forest and the mountains, a rocky slope of heavy boulders and scree was littered with scorched and twisted metal: girders and struts that had belonged to some complex machine. Iorek Byrnison looked at them as a smith as well as a warrior, but there was nothing in these fragments he could use. He scored a line with a mighty claw along a strut less damaged than most, and feeling a flimsiness in the quality of the metal, turned away at once and scanned the mountain wall again. Then he saw what he was looking for: a narrow gully leading back between jagged walls, and at the entrance, a large, low boulder. He clambered steadily toward it. Beneath his huge feet, dry bones snapped loudly in the stillness, because many men had died here, to be picked clean by coyotes and vultures and lesser creatures; but the great bear ignored them and stepped up carefully toward the rock. The going was loose and he was heavy, and more than once the scree shifted under his feet and carried him down again in a scramble of dust and gravel. But as soon as he slid down, he began to move up once more, relentlessly, patiently, until he reached the rock itself, where the footing was firmer. The boulder was pitted and chipped with bullet marks. Everything the witch had told him was true. And in confirmation, a little Arctic flower, a purple saxifrage, blossomed improbably where the witch had planted it as a signal in a cranny of the rock. Iorek Byrnison moved around to the upper side. It was a good shelter from an enemy below, but not good enough; for among the hail of bullets that had chipped fragments off the rock had been a few that had found their targets and lay where they had come to rest, in the body of the man lying stiff in the shadow. He was a body still, and not a skeleton, because the witch had laid a spell to preserve him from corruption. Iorek could see the face of his old comrade drawn and tight with the pain of his wounds, and see the jagged holes in his garments where the bullets had entered. The witch’s spell did not cover the blood that must have spilled, and insects and the sun and the wind had dispersed it completely. Lee Scoresby looked not asleep, nor at peace – he looked as if he had died in battle – but he looked as if he knew that his fight had been successful. And because the Texan aeronaut was one of the very few humans Iorek had ever esteemed, he accepted the man’s last gift to him. With deft movements of his claws, he ripped aside the dead man’s clothes, opened the body with one slash, and began to feast on the flesh and blood of his old friend. It was his first meal for days, and he was hungry. But a complex web of thoughts was weaving itself in the bear-king’s mind, with more strands in it than hunger and satisfaction. There was the memory of the little girl Lyra, whom he had named Silvertongue, and whom he had last seen crossing the fragile snow bridge across a crevasse in his own island of Svalbard. Then there was the agitation among the witches, the rumors of pacts and alliances and war; and then there was the surpassingly strange fact of this new world itself, and the witch’s insistence that there were many more such worlds, and that the fate of them all hung somehow on the fate of the child. And then there was the melting of the ice. He and his people lived on the ice; ice was their home; ice was their citadel. Since the vast disturbances in the Arctic, the ice had begun to disappear, and Iorek knew that he had to find an icebound fastness for his kin, or they would perish. Lee had told him that there were mountains in the south so high that even his balloon could not fly over them, and they were crowned with snow and ice all year round. Exploring those mountains was his next task. But for now, something simpler possessed his heart, something bright and hard and unshakable: vengeance. Lee Scoresby, who had rescued Iorek from danger in his balloon and fought beside him in the Arctic of his own world, had died. Iorek would avenge him. The good man’s flesh and bone would both nourish him and keep him restless until blood was spilled enough to still his heart. The sun was setting as Iorek finished his meal, and the air was cooling down. After gathering the remaining fragments of Lee’s body into a single heap, the bear lifted the flower in his mouth and dropped it in the center of them, as humans liked to do. The witch’s spell was broken now; the rest of the body was free to all who came. Soon it would be nourishing a dozen different kinds of life. Then Iorek set off down the slope toward the sea again, toward the south. Cliff-ghasts were fond of fox, when they could get it. The little creatures were cunning and hard to catch, but their meat was tender and rank. Before he killed this one, the cliff-ghast let it talk, and laughed at its silly babble. â€Å"Bear must go south! Swear! Witch is troubled! True! Swear! Promise!† â€Å"Bears don’t go south, lying filth!† â€Å"True! King bear must go south! Show you walrus – fine fat good – â€Å" â€Å"King bear go south?† â€Å"And flying things got treasure! Flying things – angels – crystal treasure!† â€Å"Flying things – like cliff-ghasts? Treasure?† â€Å"Like light, not like cliff-ghast. Rich! Crystal! And witch troubled – witch sorry – Scoresby dead – â€Å" â€Å"Dead? Balloon man dead?† The cliff-ghast’s laugh echoed around the dry cliffs. â€Å"Witch kill him – Scoresby dead, king bear go south – â€Å" â€Å"Scoresby dead! Ha, ha, Scoresby dead!† The cliff-ghast wrenched off the fox’s head, and fought his brothers for the entrails. â€Å"But where are you, Lyra?† And that she couldn’t answer. â€Å"I think I’m dreaming, Roger,† was all she could find to say. Behind the little boy she could see more ghosts, dozens, hundreds, their heads crowded together, peering close and listening to every word. â€Å"And that woman?† said Roger. â€Å"I hope she en’t dead. I hope she stays alive as long as ever she can. Because if she comes down here, then there’ll be nowhere to hide, she’ll have us forever then. That’s the only good thing I can see about being dead, that she en’t. Except I know she will be one day†¦ â€Å" Lyra was alarmed. How to cite The Amber Spyglass Chapter 3 Scavengers, Essay examples

Marlowe, Edward II, and the Cult of Elizabeth Essay Example For Students

Marlowe, Edward II, and the Cult of Elizabeth Essay Introduction I recognise my title may appear an archaic reversion to the critical discourse of the later 1980quot;s: after all, Edward II is one of a select group of Elizabethan literary performances that has so far failed to arouse much critical interest in such terms. This state of affairs is surprising for several reasons. There was, for instance, a strong and continuing Elizabethan and Jacobean curiosity about the reign of Edward II and the years immediately following his death I have in mind the writings of Heywood, Jonson, and, above all, Michael Drayton, not to mention the important account of Edwardquot;s Queen, Isabel of France, in Foxequot;s Actes and Monumentes, and Elizabeth Careyquot;s Edward II. On the other hand, the playquot;s relative neglect is understandable. Like Shakespearequot;s Lovequot;s Labourquot;s Lost or King John, for example, Edward II represents power relations in ways that may seem, at first sight, to be unassimilable to some contemporary interpretive procedures, or at least inconsistent with some venerable and resilient assumptions. We have only to recall the very powerlessness of the rulers depicted in these plays, together with the scrutiny and questioning to which their words are routinely subjected by other speakers. Claude Summers has located the playquot;s heterodoxy in its refusal to subscribe to a comforting Tudor political myth: in the words of Marlowequot;s Edward Am I a king and must be overruled? 1. 1. 134. An important element in the context of Edward II is the widespread 1590quot;s interest in Mortimer and in the Baronsquot; Wars, but I do not wish to elaborate on this phenomenon; rather, I seek to relate Edward II to the cult of Elizabeth, suggesting that it participates fully in the discursive procedures that surrounded the Tudor monarchy. Let me state my argument at its starkest: I propose that in Marlowequot;s play the image of the king may be construed as a negative exemplum, being defined negatively in terms of the well established cult of Queen Elizabeth. Similarly, Shakespearequot;s King Lear establishes a pointed contrast between the assiduously promoted public image of King James as judge, patriarch and unifier of the kingdoms of Britain, and Shakespearequot;s depiction of Lear, the last ruler of the whole island, as one who judges foolishly, fragments his family and carves up his realm. Like the world of Lear, that of Edward II is constructed as an admonitory negative example for the present. Moreover, the parallels extend beyond the age to the more specific question of the ruler as an individual, and that, of course, was a question that could hardly be considered or even imagined outside the terms of reference of Elizabethquot;s cult. Allow me to cite another negative example. In Shakespearequot;s Twelfth Night a text which operates, as Marlowequot;s does, through gender reversal, Orsino seems designed almost as an anthology of many of the personal inadequacies that might hamstring a ruler. More specifically, his failings are those conventionally associated in Tudor misogynist discourse with a female ruler. He is, as women were held to be by such writers, changeable, governed by his moods and passions. And he falls in love with one of his followers, who thereby becomes specially favoured among his entourage, consequently threatening the political system and the delicate balance of relationships among his subjects. He is therefore, like Edward II, the antithesis of Queen Elizabeth: it is against the ideal of the ruler as enshrined in her cult that he is judged and found wanting. Culture of the Early 1590quot;s By the early 1590quot;s, Elizabeth might have been forgiven for thinking that such issues had been thoroughly ventilated a generation before, at the time of her accession and in the question of her marriage. But one of the features of the Elizabethan settlement was that nothing was ever finally settled: there was always room for renegotiation, revaluation, changes of emphasis. Alan Sinfield has argued for an understanding of the Elizabethan state not as a static totality whose power structure is revealed in the ideology of monarchy, but as diverse and changing, a site of profound contradictions. Certainly, it was a site of conflicts, checks and balances, not just between the aristocracy and an emergent, upwardly mobile middling sort, but also between groups within the nobility. Elizabeth had evolved a strategy for dealing with the competitive pack of nobles who served her: Sir Robert Naunton observed that The principal note of her reign will be, that she ruled much by faction and parties, which she herself both made, upheld, and weakened, as her own great judgement advised he commented that we find no Gaveston, Vere, or Spencer to have swayed alone during forty-four years. Elizabethquot;s cult had a purpose: its central image of singleness and immutability the Queenquot;s motto was Semper eadem, always the same was constructed in response to threats of fracture, disruption, and rebellion. And its most extreme manifestations in the 1590quot;s imply profound anxieties both about the current political climate and about the unknowable almost literally unthinkable future that would unfold after Glorianaquot;s death. Marlowe constantly nudges the spectator to find contemporary parallels. Thus, although the historical Edward had been in his early forties at his death, Marlowe explicitly makes him an old man he is aged at 5. 2. 118, Old Edward at 5. 2. 23, and is compared to an old wolf at 5. 2. 7. The world of the play is that of the money economy, in which the crownquot;s finances were under increasing strain. It is a site of conflict between an old aristocracy and a new one. It is a world like that of the 1590quot;s, in which financing wars in France empties the treasury coffers. Leah Marcus has recently shown how Shakespearequot;s Joan La Pucelle in 1 Henry VI is presented as part of critique of the Queenquot;s hesitations in foreign polity, and there is a similar contemporary implication in the depiction of Edwardquot;s failure to meet his financial obligations. By 1592, there was a disruptive influx of deserters from the French wars, some of whom were reported as using most slanderous speeches of . . . er Highness: in the following year, these wretched men crowded round the Queen and petitioned her at every opportunity: a contemporary wrote, The Queen is troubled wherever she takes the air with these miserable creatures. Leicester had died in 1588, Walsingham in 1590, and Burghley was not in good health. It was clear that the Queen would have to listen to the voices of the younger generation, and that the question of the succession would lie beneath her dealings with them, just as the question of marriage had informed her relations with the older generation at the time of her accession. So the controversies and tensions of the 1560quot;s surfaced again a quarter of a century later, in the time of confusion and trepidation that followed the scarcely believable victory over the Spanish Armada. Courtly Performances The courtly behaviours that we see in the play are recognisably Elizabethan. To cite some relatively trivial instances, early in the second act, Edward compares himself to Danaequot;s lover, Gaveston to the shepherd seeing the first shoots of spring. Their self-presentation relates them to the fashions of Ovidian and pastoral writing in the 1590s. While earlier Mortimer had left the court like a disaffected 1590quot;s melancholic, Unto the forest . . . To live in grief and baleful discontent, For now my lord the king regards me not . . . . This represents the typical behaviour of the political exile, or disaffected lord the Earl of Essex regularly acted in this way in the 1590quot;s. Marlowequot;s Isabella likewise declares I will endure a melancholy life, And let him frolic with his minion 1. 2. 66-7. Gaveston the Elizabethan Courtier The most striking example, however, is Gaveston himself, who is figured as the quintessential Elizabethan Courtier. He is praised by Spencer, for instance, as the liberal earl of Cornwall recalling Elyotquot;s observation that liberality resteth not in the quantity or quality of things that be given, but in the natural disposition of the giver. When in the first scene of the play Gaveston anticipates the performance of his new role as royal favourite, he uses terms that explicitly echo the behaviours and discourses of royal celebration under Elizabeth. At least one Elizabethan political theorist mounted a defence of Gaveston, arguing that although he may have been personally proud, he did little harm, and was certainly not an argument against the hereditary principle. One recent critic compares the King and Gaveston at their window to courtiers on the Elizabethan stage 1. 4. 416-8. Like Essex and Leicester, Gaveston is characterised as an impresario of courtly entertainments 10. In the early scenes of the play there is a sense that the nobles are mainly moved by snobbery and that Gaveston is in his anarchic way on the crowdquot;s side against entrenched privilege. Technological development EssayHe is punctilious in his greeting to Gaveston at 2. 2. 68 Welcome master Secretary. In the space of a few dozen lines we are apprised of a Pembrokequot;s support for the crown, when Edward says Pembroke shall bear the sword before the King, and the Earl replies, And with this sword Pembroke will fight for you 1. . 352; b Pembrokequot;s support for the killing of Gaveston in his taking an oath to that effect 2. 2. 108; and c his sensitivity to popular opinion, This will be good news to the common sort 1. 4. 92. In the debate in 2. 5 where the lords consider how they should respond to the Kingquot;s request for Gavestonquot;s return, it is Pembroke who proposes a solution: Because his majesty so earnestly Desire to see the man before his death, I will upon mine honour undertake To carry him and bring him back again . . 78-81. And his disinterest is stressed: My lords, I will not over-woo your honours, But if you dare trust Pembroke with the prisoner, Upon mine oath I will return him back. 87-9 Lancaster is given words that confirm the trust reposed in Pembrokequot;s honesty I say, let him go on Pembrokequot;s word 91. Pembroke subsequently rebukes Arundel with a breach of chivalric honour in abducting Gaveston: Your lordship doth dishonour to your self / And wrong our lord, your honourable friend 3. . 9-10. Arundelquot;s narrative of these events includes a defence of Pembrokequot;s behaviour saying he said least during the debate on rebellion and then reporting that The Earl of Pembroke mildly thus bespake . . . I will this undertake, to have him hence And see him redelivered to your hands. 3. 2. 108-112 Blame is specifically not attached to Pembroke Arundel goes out of his way to identify Warwick as the dishonourable and untrustworthy villain. It is at such moments that we recall the words on the title page informing us that Marlowequot;s play had been publiquely acted by the right honorable the Earle of Pembrook his seruantes, and there are episodes when this fact is reflected in the script very crudely. So, for instance, when Warwick appears in the first moments of the third act to say: My lord of Pembrokequot;s men, / Strive you no longer 3. 1. 7- 8, the words would have had a special resonance in performance. Ambiguity Spencerquot;s advice to Baldock about how he should turn himself from a scholar into a courtier has some relevance to Marlowequot;s own situation. It is not servility that gains favour, Spencer says, You must be proud, bold, pleasant, resolute, And now and then stab as occasion serves 42-3 If we look at the important scene 2. 2 which features the devices by Mortimer and Lancaster, Mortimerquot;s device of the diseased cedar may recall the use of a tree to represent the state res publica during Elizabethquot;s entry pageant in the City of London in 1559. It is parallelled by Lylyquot;s use of the image in Sapho and Phao, but is also fairly commonplace. 18] Lancasterquot;s emblem of the flying fish that faces death whether it flies or swims is hardly more complex or ambiguous. It may well be the crudity of the images, their lack of teasing ambiguity or subtlety, that makes them unsuitable. As is now widely recognised, ambiguity was a feature of Elizabethan courtly performance. In the Arte of Rhetorique, Thomas Wilson had described how the miseries of the courtierquot;s life could be described by the use of similitudes, examples, comparisons from one thing to another, apte translacions, and heaping of allegories. And one of the most famous allegorical performances of Elizabethquot;s reign occurred at Kenilworth, where the Queen was entertained by Robert Dudley from 9 July 1575. Marlowe collapses history, reminding us of this episode when he has Leicester say to the King in the fourth act Your majesty must go to Killingworth 4. 4. 81. Dudley had collapsed history too, in a way that connects his show with Marlowequot;s play. When Elizabeth entered the castle precincts, she made her way into the newly-constructed tiltyard by passing under an edifice called Mortimerquot;s Tower. William Dugdale in his antiquities of Warwickshire reports that Leicester caused the tower to be decorated with the Arms of Mortimer . . . cut in stone. Now Leicester was clearly invoking the memory of a previous owner of Kenilworth, Roger Mortimer, who had staged a great pageant based on the idea of the round table in 1279, and his own diversions for the Queen explicitly tapped into the same Arthurian myth. But Dugdale and he cannot have been alone took the arms to be those of a different Mortimer, grandson of the above, namely our and Marlowequot;s Mortimer, the Earl of March, lover of a Queen who shared Elizabethquot;s name, and therefore, in Dugdalequot;s view, a precedent of sorts for Dudley himself. Perhaps the inscription on the tower participates in the same strategy of obliquity that Marlowequot;s Mortimer deploys with his letter to the murderers. The application of the inscription could be taken as a powerful declaration of desire, of courtship: but it could equally plausibly be glossed as an act of courtesy, as a fulsome welcome by a generous host. Like most Elizabethan treatments of political questions, Edward II is necessarily oblique, constructed like Mortimerquot;s letter or Dudleyquot;s inscription on the basis of what Annabel Patterson in Censorship and Interpretation following Pierre Bourdieu refers to as functional ambiguity. The playquot;s commentators have connected such ambiguity with its tendency to question, to qualify, to undermine. 23] They might also have connected them with Elizabethquot;s crab-wise journey towards signing the death-warrant of Mary Queen of Scots. The play seems designed to prevent comparisons from hardening into allegory, allusions from implying applications. If Edward is a negative example of Elizabeth, what are we to make of Isabella? Her very name would have had a special resonance for an Elizabethan audience, and there were many attempts in the period to analyse her behaviour, to ask if her rebellion was justified, to investigate the power-relations in her involvement with Mortimer. 24] In Marlowequot;s version, her subjection to Mortimer also constitutes a warning, and involves the danger of a Protectorate: he tells her, erect your son with all the speed we may . . . that I may be protector over him 5. 2. 11-12. The focus of the play is partly on the king himself, of course. And as such it poses a negative example, an opposite model of monarchy from the one Elizabeth was acting out. But it also investigates the predicament of those who have to live under a monarch who thwarts expectations and repudiates convention. Marlowequot;s play is an anthology of career moves for the Elizabethan courtier: the range stretches from those who are presented as honourably negotiating the conflicts of loyalty implicit in the courtierquot;s life Pembroke and Leicester through those who succumb to their pressures Warwick, Kent, Arundel to those who are fatally drawn to the centres of power, in order to literalise the metaphoric eroticism of service and duty. For Gaveston, Spencer and Mortimer, the opening allegory of Actaeon is actualised in their experience as a salutary warning to future ages. But as Debra Belt has shown, Marlowequot;s is a highly self-conscious art, in which acts of speech and of interpretation are shown to be complex and interlocking. If one version of the Elizabethan ideal in the play is the young Edward III, virginal, ruthless, and decisive, then perhaps Marlowequot;s own ambiguities are understandable. It is as if he has taken to heart Spencerquot;s advice to Baldock You must cast the scholar off / And learn to court it like a gentleman 2. 1. 31-2. Marlowe approaches Diana more obliquely than Mortimer or Gaveston; in so doing he produces in Edward II one of the most charged and subtle dramatic engagements on the public stage with the cult of Elizabeth.